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Pupae may be found in all manner of places, some in 

 cocoons, others naked in the soil, in tunnels, in wood, 

 etc., and they vary greatly in shape and slightly in 

 colour. During this stage the different parts of the 

 mature insect are formed, and these are seen marked out 

 on the pupal shell. Some insects (Cecids or Gall 

 Midges, etc.) pupate in the old larval skin, which forms 

 what is called a puparium. Some aquatic pupae, such as 

 in the mosquitoes, are active, but still take no food. 



COMPLETE & INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS. 



Insects such as the Rose Tortrix Moths undergo 

 what is called complete metamorphosis, others such as 

 the Rose Aphides an incomplete metamorphosis. 

 Complete metamorphosis is where there are the following 

 stages: (i) an egg; (2) an active feeding, growing 

 creature, the larva or caterpillar ; (3) a quiescent, non- 

 feeding, practically non-active pupae ; and (4) the active, 

 sexually perfect adult. Such we find in bees, flies, 

 beetles, moths and butterflies. 



Insects which undergo incomplete metamorphosis are 

 those which have no true pupal stage. There is the 

 egg (i), then (2) the active growing larva, followed by (3) 

 the active pupal stage the nymph, which feeds and 

 moves just as the larva or adult does ; finally (4) we have 

 the sexual adult. 



The nymph stage is very like the larva, except that 

 wing-buds appear at the sides of the thorax. There are 

 insects with no metamorphosis at all (Aptera), but none 

 of these do any harm to Roses. 



