79 



first pair are always hard and horny, folding over 

 the body (elytra) ; the second pair are membranous. 

 Mandibulate. 



Order II. LEPIDOPTERA (Scaly-winged Insects). 

 Butterflies and Moths. The four broad mem- 

 branous wings more or less covered with scales. 

 The Butterflies (Rhop aloe era] with club-like feelers, 

 the Moths (Heterocera) with feathery, thread-like 

 or pectinated antennae. Haustellate when adult ; 

 Mandibulate when larvae. 



Order III. HYMENOPTERA (Membranous-winged In- 

 sects.) Ants, Bees, Wasps, Ichneumon Flies, &c. 

 Four membranous transparent or nude wings with 

 comparatively few veins. Mouth partly mandi- 

 bulate, partly Haustellate. 



Order IV. DIPTERA (Two-winged Insects). Flies. 

 Two wings only ; the second pair reduced to two 

 small club-shaped processes called balancers. 

 Haustellate. 



B. Metamorphosis Incomplete. 



Order V. HEMIPTERA (Half-winged Insects.) Plant 

 Lice, Bugs, Scale Insects, &c. Four wings ; front 

 pair either with basal areahorny or leathery 

 (Heteroptera or bugs) or transparent and uniform 

 (Homoptera or Plant Lice). Mouth formed into a 

 piercing proboscis. 



Order VI. ORTHOPTERA (Straight-winged Insects). 

 Grasshoppers, Crickets, &c. Four wings, the first 

 pair rather narrow, with more or less straight veins, 

 the hind pair large and fan-shaped. Mandibulate. 



