468 



CARPINUS. 



THE ENGLISH FLOWER GARDEN. 



CASSIOPE. 



suckers, cuttings, or seeds. In cool dis- 

 tricts will require the protection of a 

 greenhouse. 



CARPINUS (Hornbeam*}. C. betulus 

 is a native tree, especially of the south, 

 sometimes attaining a height of 70 feet, 

 frequent in some woodlands, and in Epping 



Hornbeam. 



Forest. There are several varieties of 

 this tree, such as the fern-leaved, cut-leaved 

 and purple kinds, and also the never- 

 failing variegated kind. The common 

 kind is often used as a fence plant, and 

 also, in many continental gardens, to form 

 green walls and hedges. It is one of the 

 best of all woods to burn, and if we ever 

 go back to. the best of all ways of firing 

 for a dwelling-house in the country, a 

 wood fire, it should not be forgotten. It 

 is easily lighted, burns cheerfully and 

 equably, and gives a good heat. Other 

 species are C. caroliniana, cordata, 

 japonica, orientalis and Turczaninovii. 



CABYA(/#Vvfo>j). A very interesting 

 and distinct group of forest trees, little 

 planted in England in our own day, but so 

 valuable in their own country for their 

 wood, and some for bearing delicious fruit, 

 that they deserve a place in our choice 

 plantations. Mostly trees of North Eastern 

 America and usually hardy, they are some- 

 times well over 100 ft. high ; in their 

 own country inhabiting moist woods and 

 swampy grounds, and therefore likely to 

 be useful in ours in soil not thought good 

 enough for many trees. Among them 

 are : C. olivcefprmis Pecdn, a tree which 

 sometimes attains to a height of over 150 

 feet with a trunk diameter of 6 ft., and 

 which bears a delicious nut. It has rather 

 a southern distribution, and therefore 

 would be best, no doubt, in good warm 

 soils in our country. C. amara, (the 

 bitter nut), a tree of about 100 feet in 



moist woods, from Canada downwards, 

 ascending high on the mountains. C. 

 aquatica ( Water Hickory\ a swamp tree 

 sometimes nearly 100 ft. high in wet woods 

 and swamps from Virginia south and west- 

 wards. C. alba (Shell-bark Hickory) also 

 often over 100 feet high ; a native of 

 Canada and of the Western and Southern 

 States. C. sulcata (King-nut), a tall forest 

 tree over 100 feet high in the New 

 England States and westward. C. tomcn- 

 tosa (Fragrant Hickory) growing nearly 

 100 feet high and inhabiting the cold 

 regions of the West and New England. 

 C. microcdrpa (Small-fruited Hickory). 

 A tall tree of nearly 90 ft. high. New 

 England and westwards. C. porcina 

 (Pig-nut Hickory). A very tall tree of 

 over loo ft. bearing very bitter seeds, 

 also a tree of cold northern regions. 

 They are trees of fine growth with walnut- 

 like leaves and the wood of some kinds 

 in its own country is most valuable. 



Carya aquatica. 



CARYOPTEEIS. C. mastacanthus is 

 a small shrub with grayish foliage, distinct 

 in habit, and with purple flowers, not 

 quite hardy, perhaps, in all soils, but 

 pretty on warm banks and in warm gar- 

 dens. There is a white variety. It would 

 group well with the dwarfer shrubs, and 

 in cool districts and on cool soils it will 

 grow against warm walls. On good soils 

 it would come in well with borders of 

 grayish plants such as Lavenders, Carna- 

 tions, and the like. 



CASSIOPE (Himalayan Heather}. 

 Tiny alpine bushes, thriving in 

 peaty soil well drained, as they are 

 all impatient of stagnant moisture 

 about their roots, whilst absolute shade 

 from the midday sun is also necessary. 

 The best plan is to raise small banks of 

 peat, and plant them on the top, taking 

 care that they do not want for water both 

 at the roots and overhead. They are in- 

 creased by division, rooting freely when 

 pegged down. C.fastigiata is one of the 

 most fragile and beautiful of alpine 



