CONTENTS xxiii 



CHAPTER V. TROl'ICAI. DISTRICTS WITH PRONOUNCED DRY 



SEASONS 



PAGES 



I. General Characteristics of the Vegetation in Periodically Dry Tropical Districts. 



I'orniations. Xcroiiliilous Itccs. Xcrciiihilous slinibs. l.ianes. liiiiphytes. 2. Woodland 

 Formations in Periodically Dry Tropical Districts, i. General Keinarks. Transforiiia- 

 tiuii in uoodlaml vegetation by grailu.Tl transition from constantly humid to periodically dry 

 districts. Chief types of woodland : monsoon-forest, savannah-forest, thorn-forest, ii. Tropo- 

 fliihiis and Xerophilous Woodland in India. Forest vegetation in Pegu according to Kurz. 

 I'Vircsts of Tectona grandis in East Java. iii. Woodland in Tropical East Africa. Englcr's 

 description of the formations, iv. Tropopliilous and Xerophilous Woodland in Tropical 

 America. Savannah-forest in Venezuela. Thorn-bushland .cnatinga) of Brazil. Thorn-bush- 

 land on the limestone hills in Minas Geraes. 3. Tropical Grassland Formations, i. General 

 Character of Savannah, ii. Savanna/t in Africa. Savannnli on the I.oango coast according to 

 I'echuel-Losche. The baobab. Kast African savannali according to H. Meyer and Engler. 

 ill. Saz'aniiah in .Imerica. The llanos. The cam| os of Brazil according to Warming .S45-377 



CHAPTER VT EDAPHIC INFLUENCES IN THE TROPICS 



I. Edaphic Influences in Tropical Inland Country. \. LaUrilc. Physical and cliemical 

 j>ropeitics. KtiVcts on M.gLtalion. I'-ng-forest ni Burma, ii. Lime. Unfavourable influence on 

 vegetation in the tropics. Occurrence of thorn-forest on calcareous soil. iii. Jliimus. Its 

 relatively slight development in the tropics. Regur in .South India. Absence of peat-formation. 

 iv. Siliceous Soil. Sal-forest of India. Bamboo-forest, v. Swa?npy Ground. Palm-woods. 

 Swamp-forest in Burma. Swamps without forest, vi. Fumaroles in Java. Xerophilous vegeta- 

 tion. 2. Formations of the Tropical Sea-shore, i. Classification of Tropical Littoral 

 Formations, ii. Open L^oj niatiofis of the Sa/idy Shore. Pes-caprae formation. Littoral shrubs. 

 Pandanus. iii. Littoral Woodland above Jligh-tide Mark. Its occurrence in the Malay Archi- 

 pelago, in Pegu, in East Africa. Oecological characters. Casnarina-forest. iv. Woodland 

 Formations bcloii' High-tide Mark. Mangrove or tidal woodland. The Eastern mangrove. 

 Characteristic plants. Oecological characters. Rhizophora mucronata. Vivipary and germina- 

 tion in Rhizophoraceae, Aegiceras, and Avicennia. Habit of mangrove-plants. Stilt-roots. 

 Pneumatophores. Physiognomy of the mangrove-forest in South Java. Nipa-formation. 

 Transition to the inland formations. The Western mangrove, v. Distribution of Littoral Forma- 

 tions in the Tropics ............. 378-411 



SECTION II. THE TEMPERATE ZONES 



CHAPTER I. CENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEMPERATE 

 CLLMA'PE AND ITS EFFECTS OX VEGETATION AND FLORA 



I. General Characteristics of the Temperate Climate, i. Ileat. Great differences of 

 temperature. Maritime climate and continental climate. Isotherms of January and July. 

 IMumal oscillations, ii. Light. Zone-like differentiation of light. Absorption and diffusion of 

 light in different latitudes, iii. Atmospheric Precipitations. I'eiiodicity and amount of precijii- 

 tation. Significance in relation to the soil. 2. Some General Effects of the Temperate 

 Climate on Plant-life. i. Effects of Ileal. Its fundamental significance. Temperatures 

 below freezing-point. Zone with a mild winter and zone with a cold winter. Distribution of 

 species. Mesothermic plants. Lack of uniformity of the oecological optimum temperature. 

 ii. Effects of Light. Amount and intensity of light. Fixed lie of leaves in relation to light. 

 Diffuse light in temperate zones, iii. Effects of Atmospheric Precipitations. Smaller significance 

 when compared with the tropics. 3. Character of the Flora of Temperate Zones. General 

 survey of the mesothermic forms 4'- -l.^o 



