:HAr. Ill GUILDS 205 



;ally sharply divided. The majorit\- of holosaprophytes belong to 

 nonocotyledons, which include no parasites, and the famih'es in which 

 jarasitcs occur include no saiH-ophytes. Not only the Balanophoraccae, 

 vafflesiaceac. Orobanchaceac, and Lennoaceae, which are exclusively 

 loloparasites, and the Loranthaccae and Santalaccac, which consist chiefly 

 )f hcmiparasites, but also the Convolvulaceae (Cuscuta), Scrophulariaccae 

 Melampyrum, Euphrasia, Rhinanthus), and Lauraceae (Cassytha), in which 

 )nly some genera are parasitic, include no saproph\-tes. There arc not 

 :ven any hemisaprophytes in the last-mentioned three families. 



Parasites are not confined to definite climatic conditions and are 

 hercfore found in all zones and districts. Hence geographically they 

 ire only of slight interest, and have been referred to here only because 

 :hey frequently contribute some details to the oecological characters of 

 formations. 



SELECT LITERATURE. 



I. Lianes. 



The numerous treatises on lianes deal for the most part only with their anatomical 

 characters or physiological fproperties. They have been carefully catalogued by 

 H. Schenck. The foUow-ing works are oecologically interesting in relation to 

 phyto-geography : 

 Miiller, F. I. Notes on some of the climbing plants near Desterro in South Brazil. 

 Journ. Linn. Soc. Botany. Vol. IX. 1S67. 

 — II. Zweigklimmer. Kosmos, Bd, VI. itiS/. 

 Schenck, H. I. Beitrage zur Biologic und Anatomic der Lianen, im Besonderen 

 der in Brasilien einheimischen Arten. Theil I. Beitrage zur Biologic der 

 Lianen. Botan. Mittheil. aus den Tropen. Heft IV. Jena, 1S97. "^ ' ' 



II. Beitrage, etc. Theil II, Beitrage zur Anatomic der Lianen, Ibid. Heft V. 



Jena, 1893, 

 Treiib, M. I. Sur une nouvelle categorie de plantes grimpantes, Annales du Jardin 

 Botanique de Buitenzorg. Vol, III, 1S82, 



II. Observations sur les plantes grimpantes du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg. 



Ibid. Vol. IV, 1883. 

 Westerniaier, M., und Ambronn, H. Beziehungen zwischen Lebensweise und 

 Structur der Schling- und Kletterpflanzen. Flora. Jahrg. LXIV. 1S81. 



2. Epiphytes. 



What refers to epiphytes is based on the following work : — 

 Schimper, A. F. W. Die epiphytische Vegetation Amerikas. Botan. Mittheil. aus 

 den Tropen. Heft I. Jena, 1888. 

 The literature in Chap, IV of Sect. I, Part III, may be consulted as regards 

 epiphytes of the tropics, and for epiphytes of the temperate zones that of 

 Chap. IV of Sect. II, Part HI. 



