Plants of the Punjab. 



473 



Herbs, Unbranched with Alternate Exstipulatb, Simple Leaves. 



Petals united. 



Gnaphalium 

 Thomsoni, 



Composite. 

 F. B. I. iii. 290. 

 Kashmir, 

 5-7,000 ft. 



Centipeda 

 orbicularis, 



Carduus nutans, 



(Jnlcus arvensis, 

 Creeping Thistle, 



Bhur-hhur. 

 Composite. 

 F. B. I. iii. 862. 

 The Plains to 

 5,000 ft. 

 Valleys below 

 Simla (Col ett). 

 Choa Saidan Shah 

 (Douie). 



Flowers, minute, in heads, all tubular. 



liko the last species, but heads ^ in. diam,, in sessile 

 round clusters, 1 in. in diam., with slender spreading 

 leaves immediately beneath them, bracts brown, shining 

 with a strong green central nerve, half-way down. 



Saussurea obvallata, 



Kanwal, 



hirm-kamval. 



Composite. 



F. B. I. iii. 365. 



Himalaya, 



10-15,000 ft. 



Kashmir. 



see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. 



see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. 



large, perennial, spiny or prickly, rootstock creeping, 

 stems many, 2-4 ft., not winged, upper cobwebby-felted ; 

 leaves 3-6 by |-1 in., oblong, sessile, spinous, margin wavy 

 or divided, upper surface pale, rough, lower white-felted ; 

 flowers minute, dingy purple, all tubular in round and 

 ovoid solitary or clustered heads, 1-1| in. "^am., male and 

 female heads on different plants, receptacle bracts smooth 

 or cobwebby in several rows, outermost lea y, outer short, 

 ovate or triangular-ovate, -ending in a short spine, inner 

 gradually longer with undulate, often recurved tips, in- 

 nermost narrow, linear-lanceolate, pappus hairs copious, 

 in many rows, stiff, simple or barbed, corollas slender, 5-fid, 

 in male heads anther-bases forked, tails slender, in female 

 heads, style-arms short, blunt ; achenes smooth, bluntly 

 4-angled, smooth or 6-10-ribbed, linear-oblong. 



small t > large, perennial, smooth, root very thick, 

 crowned with the balckened remains of old le. f stalks, 

 sterii 6-18 in., leafy, stout, terminated by the incurved 

 bladdery veined translucent head of leaves 3-6 in. diam. ; 

 leaves 4-8 in., lower leaves long-ovate with a broad tip, 

 smooth, blunt, toothed, stem leaves oblong, concave, half 

 stem-clasping, floral leaves boat-shaped, thin, enclosing ; 

 2-6 sessile or shortly stalked smooth heads of flowers 

 flowers I in. long, purplish, in heads, ^-| in. diam., bracts 

 of receptacle lanceolate, in many rows, not spinous, tip- 

 ped and often margined with black, receptacle (floor of 

 head) densely bristly, pappus of hairs | in., brown, outer 

 br sties rough or none, corollas | in., tubular, slender, 

 6-toothed, anther tails very short, divided, style-arms 

 linear ; achenes ovoid with a broad top, flattened, smooth, 

 ribbed. The root is applied to cuts and bruises. 



