Chap. IV.] MANNER OF DEVELOPMENT. 105 



corpses how often each course prevails.' The muscles are 

 eminently variable ; thus those of the foot were found by 

 Prof. Turner * not to be strictly alike in any two out of 

 fifty bodies ; and in some the deviations were considerable. 

 Prof. Turner adds that the power of jDcrforming the ap- 

 proj)riate movements miist have been modified in accord- 

 ance with the several deviations. Mr. J. Wood has re- 

 corded* the occurrence of 295 muscular variations in 

 thirty-six subjects, and in another set of the same number 

 no less than 558 variations, reckoning both sides of the 

 body as one. In the last set, not one body out of the 

 thirty-six was " found totally Avanting in departures from 

 the standard descriptions of the muscular system given 

 in anatomical text-books." A single body presented the 

 extraordinary number of twenty-five distinct abnormali- 

 ties. The same muscle sometimes varies in many ways : 

 thus Prof. Macalister describes ° no less than twenty dis- 

 tinct variations in the palmaris accessorius. 



The famous old anatomist, Wolff,' insists that the in- 

 ternal viscera are more variable than the external parts : 

 N-ulla particula est quce non allter et aliter in aliis se 

 hdbeat hominihus. He has even written a treatise on the 

 choice of typical examples of the viscera for representation.' 

 A discussion on the beau-ideal of the liver, lungs, kidneys, 

 etc., as of the human face divine, sounds strange in our 

 ears. 



The variability or diversity of the mental faculties in 

 men of the same race, not to mention the greater differ- 

 ences between the men of distinct races, is so notorious 



3 ' Anatomy of the Arteries,' by R. Quain. 

 * 'Transact. Royal Sec' Edinburgh, vol. xxiv. pp. lYo, 189. 

 ^ ' Proc. Royal Soc' 186Y, p. 544 ; also 1868, pp. 483, 524. There ia 

 a previous paper, 1866, p. 229. 



^ 'Proc. R. Irish Academy,' vol. x. 1868, p. 141. 

 ' 'Act. Acad.,' St. Petersburg, I'Z'JS, part ii. p. 217. 



