Chap. VII.] THE RACES OF MAN. 237 



We have seen in our third chaptei' that the conditions 

 of life, such as abundant food and general comfort, affect 

 in a direct manner the develo^^ment of the bodily frame, 

 the effects being transmitted. Through the combined in- 

 fluences of climate and changed habits of life, European 

 settlers in the United States undergo, as is generally ad- 

 mitted, a slight but extraordinarily rapid change of ap- 

 pearance. There is, also, a considerable body of evidence 

 showing that in the Southern States the house-slaves of 

 the third generation present a markedly diffei-ent aj^pear- 

 ance from the field-slaves." 



If, however, we look to the races of man, as distributed 

 over the world, we must infer that their characteristic 

 differences cannot be accounted for by the direct action 

 of different conditions of life, even after exposure to them 

 for an enormous period of time. The Esquimaux live ex- 

 clusively on animal food ; they are clothed in thick fur, 

 ' and are exposed to intense cold and to prolonged dark- 

 ness ; yet they do not differ in any extreme degree from 

 the inhabitants of Southern China, who live entirely on 

 vegetable food and are exposed almost naked to a hot, 

 glaring climate. The unclothed Fuegians live on the 

 marine productions of their inhospitable shores ; the Bo- 

 tocudos of Brazil wander about the hot forests of the in- 

 terior and live chiefly on vegetable productions ; yet these 

 tribes resemble each other so closely that the Fuegians on 

 board the " Beagle " were mistaken by some Brazilians 

 for Botocudos. The Botocudos, again, as well as the other 



etc., 1865, s. 99) states, on the authority of Khanikof, that the greater 

 number of German famUies settled in Georgia have acquired in the course 

 of two generations dark hair and eyes. Mr. D. Forbes informs me that 

 the Quichuas in the Andes vary greatly in color, according to the posi- 

 tion of the valleys inhabited by them. 



^' Harlan, ' Medical Researches,' p. 532. Quatrefages (Unite de 

 I'Espece H>'maine,' 1801, p. 128) has collected much evidence on this 

 head. 



