52 BOOK III. 



or even two ; these they call narrow. But in other places where there are 

 very wide veins, the widths of a cubit, or a foot, or half a foot, are said to be 

 narrow ; at Cremnitz, for instance, there is a certain vein which measures 

 in one place fifteen fathoms in width, in another eighteen, and in another 

 twenty ; the truth of this statement is vouched for by the inhabitants. 



" substance of transparent stone ; when it is smelted into pure silver, since from it is 

 " separated the transparent juice, it is no longer transparent. Then too, there is pyrites, 

 " or lapis fissilis, from which sulphur is melted. To the second kind belongs that kind of 

 " pyrites which contains not only copper and stone, but sometimes copper, silver, and stone; 

 " sometimes copper, silver, gold, and stone ; sometimes silver, lead, tin, copper and silver 

 " glance. That compound minerals consist of stone and metal is sufficiently proved by 

 " their hardness ; that some are made of ' earth ' and metal is proved from brass, which is 

 " composed of copper and calamine ; and also proved from white brass, which is coloured 

 " by artificial white arsenic. Sometimes the heat bakes some of them to such an extent that 

 " they appear to have flowed out of blazing furnaces, which we may see in the case of 

 " cadmia and pyrites. A metallic substance is produced out of ' earth ' when a metallic 

 " juice impregnating the ' earth ' solidifies with cold, the ' earth ' not being changed. A 

 " stony substance is produced when viscous and non-viscous ' earth ' are accumulated in 

 " one place and baked by heat ; for then the viscous part turns into stone and the non- 

 " viscous is only dried up." 



The Origin of Juices. The portion of Agricola's theory surrounding this subject 

 is by no means easy to follow in detail, especially as it is difficult to adjust one's point of 

 view to the Peripatetic elements, fire, water, earth, and air, instead of to those of the 

 atomic theory which so dominates our every modern conception. That Agricola's ' juice ' 

 was in most cases a solution is indicated by the statement (De Ortu, p. 48) : " Nor is juice 

 " anything but water, which on the other hand has absorbed ' earth ' or has corroded or 

 " touched metal and somehow become heated." That he realized the difference between 

 mechanical suspension and solution is evident from (De Ortu, p. 50) : " A stony juice differs 

 " from water which has abraded something from rock, either because it has more of that which 

 " deposits, or because heat, by cooking water of that kind, has thickened it, or because there 

 " is something in it which has powerful astringent properties." Much of the author's notion 

 of juices has already been given in the quotations regarding various minerals, but his most 

 general statement on the subject is as follows : — (De Ortu, p. 9) : " Juices, however, are 

 " distinguished from water by their density (crassitudo), and are generated in various ways — 

 " either when dry things are soaked with moisture and the mixture is heated, in which way 

 " by far the greatest part of juices arise, not only inside the earth, but outside it : or when 

 " water running over the earth is made rather dense, in which way, for the most 

 " part the juice becomes salty and bitter ; or when the moisture stands upon metal, 

 " especially copper, and corrodes it, and in this way is produced the juice from which 

 " chrysocoUa originates. Similarly, when the moisture corrodes friable cupriferous pyrites 

 " an acrid juice is made from which is produced vitriol and sometimes alum ; or, finally, 

 " juices are pressed out by the very force of the heat from the earth. If the force is great 

 " the juice flows like pitch from burning pine .... in this way we know a kind of 

 " bitumen is made in the earth. In the same way different kinds of moisture are generated 

 " in living bodies, so also the earth produces waters differing in quality, and in the same 

 " way juices." 



Conclusion. If we strip his theory of the necessary influence of the state of 

 knowledge of his time, and of his own deep classical learning, we find two propositions 

 original with Agricola, which still to-day are fundamentals : 



(i) That ore channels were of origin subsequent to their containing rocks ; (2) That 

 ores were deposited from solutions circulating in these openings. A scientist's work must 

 be judged by the advancement he gave to his science, and with this gauge one can say 

 unhesitatingly that the theory which we have set out above represents a much greater step 

 from what had gone before than that of almost any single observer since. Moreover, apart 

 from any tangible proposition laid down, the deduction of these viewsfrom actual observation in- 

 stead of from fruitless speculation was a contribution to the very foundation of natural science. 

 Agricola was wrong in attributing the creation of ore channels to erosion alone, and it was not 

 until Von Oppel (Anleitung zur Markscheidekunst, Dresden, 1749 and other essays), two centuries 

 after Agricola, that the positive proposition that ore channels were due to Assuring was 

 brought forward. Von Oppel, however, in neglecting channels due to erosion (and in this term 

 we include solution) was not altogether sound. Nor was it until late in the i8th century that 

 the filling of ore channels by deposition from solutions was generally accepted. In the 

 meantime, Agricola's successors in the study of ore deposits exhibited positive retrogression 

 from the true fundamentals advocated by him. Gesner, Utman, Meier, Lohneys, Barba, 



