BOOK VI. 153 



The miner's pick differs from a peasant's pick in that the latter is wide 

 at the bottom and sharp, but the former is pointed. It is used to dig out 

 ore which is not hard, such as earth. Likewise a hoe and shovel are in no 

 way different from the common articles, with the one they scrape up earth 

 and sand, with the other they throw it into vessels. 



Now earth, rock, mineral substances and other things dug out with 

 the pick or hewn out with the " iron tools " are hauled out of the shaft 

 in buckets, or baskets, or hide buckets ; they are drawn out of tunnels in 

 wheelbarrows or open trucks, and from both they are sometimes carried in 

 trays. 



Buckets are of two kinds, which differ in size, but not in material or 

 shape. The smaller for the most part hold only about one metreta ; the 

 larger are generally capable of carrying one-sixth of a congius ; neither is 

 of unchangeable capacity, but they often vary.^ Each is made of staves circled 

 with hoops, one of which binds the top and the other the bottom. 

 The hoops are sometimes made of hazel and oak, but these are easily 

 broken by dashing against the shaft, while those made of iron are more 

 durable. In the larger buckets the staves are thicker and wider, as also are 

 both hoops, and in order that the buckets may be more firm and strong, 

 they have eight iron straps, somewhat broad, four of which run from the 

 upper hoop downwards, and four from the lower hoop upwards, as if to meet 

 each other. The bottom of each bucket, both inside and outside, is furnished 

 with two or three straps of iron, which run from one side of the lower hoop 

 to the other, but the straps which are on the outside are fixed crosswise. 

 Each bucket has two iron hafts which project above the edge, and it has an 

 iron semi-circular bail whose lower ends are fixed directly into the hafts, 

 that the bucket may be handled more easily. Each kind of bucket is much 

 deeper than it is wide, and each is wider at the top, in order that the material 

 which is dug out may be the more easily poured in and poured out again. 

 Into the smaller buckets strong boys, and into larger ones men, fill earth 

 from the bottom of the shaft with hoes ; or the other material dug up is 

 shovelled into them or filled in with their hands, for which reason these men 

 are called " shovellers.* " Afterward they fix the hook of the drawing-rope 

 into the bale ; then the buckets are drawn up by machines — the smaller ones, 

 because of their lighter weight, by machines turned by men, and the larger 

 ones, being heavier, by the machines turned by horses. Some, in place 

 of these buckets, substitute baskets which hold just as much, or even more, 

 since they are lighter than the buckets ; some use sacks made of ox-hide 

 instead of buckets, and the drawing-rope hook is fastened to their iron bale, 

 usually three of these filled with excavated material are drawn up at the 

 same time as three are being lowered and three are being filled by boys. The 

 latter are generally used at Schneeberg and the former at Freiberg. 



•One metreta, a Greek measure, equalled about nine English gallons, and a congius 

 contained about six pints. 



*Ingestores. This is a case of Agricola coining a name for workmen from the work, 

 the term being derived from ingero, to pour or to throw in, used in the previous clause — hence 

 the " reason." See p. xxxi. 



