536 BOOK XI. 



into the crucible, stirs it twice. Afterward he draws off the slags with a 

 rabble, which consists of an iron blade, wide and sharp, and of alder-wood ; 

 the blade is a digit and a half in width and three feet long ; the wooden handle 

 inserted in its hoUow part is the same number of feet long, and the alder-wood 

 in which the blade is fixed must have the figure of a rhombus ; it must be 

 three palms and a digit long, a pahn and two digits wide, and a palm thick. 

 Subsequently he takes a broom and sweeps the charcoal dust and small coal 

 over the whole of the crucible, lest the copper should cool before it flows 

 together ; then, with a third rabble, he cuts off the slags which may adhere 

 to the edge of the crucible. The blade of this rabble is two palms long and 

 a palm and one digit wide, the iron part of the handle is a foot and three pahns 

 long, the wooden part six feet. Afterward he again draws off the slags 

 from the crucible, which the assistant does not quench by pouring water 

 upon them, as the other slags are usually quenched, but he sprinkles over 

 them a little water and allows them to cool. If the copper should bubble, 

 he presses down the bubbles with the rabble. Then he pours water on the wall 

 and the pipes, that it may flow down warm into the crucible, for, the 

 copper, if cold water were to be poured over it while still hot, would spatter 

 about. If a stone, or a piece of lute or wood, or a damp coal should then faU 

 into it, the crucible would vomit out all the copper with a loud noise like 

 thunder, and whatever it touches it injures and sets on fire. Subsequently he 

 lays a curved board with a notch in it over the front part of the crucible ; it 

 is two feet long, a palm and two digits wide, and a digit thick. Then 

 the copper in the crucible should be divided into cakes with an iron wedge- 

 shaped bar ; this is three feet long, two digits wide, and steeled on the end 

 for the distance of two digits, and its wooden handle is three feet long. He 

 places this bar on the notched board, and, driving it into the copper, moves 



slag from refining " dried " copper, showing it to contain from 51.7 to 67.4% lead oxide, 6.2 

 to 19.2% cuprous oxide, and 21.4 to 23.9 silica (from the furnace bottoms), with minor quantities 

 of iron, antimony, etc. The " bubbles " referred to by Agricola were apparently the 

 shower of copper globules which takes place upon the evolution of sulphur dioxide, due to the 

 reaction of the cuprous oxide upon any remaining sulphide of copper when the mass begins to 

 cool. 



Historical Note. — It is impossible to say how the Ancients refined copper, beyond 

 the fact that they often re-smelted it. Such notes as we can find are set out in the note on 

 copper smelting (note 42, p. 402). The first authentic reference to poling is in Theophilus 

 (1150 to 1200 A.D., Hendrie's translation, p. 313), which shows a very good understanding 

 of this method of refining copper : — " Of the Purification of Copper. Take an iron dish of 

 " the size you wish, and line it inside and out with clay strongly beaten and mixed, and it is 

 " carefully dried. Then place it before a forge upon the coals, so that when the bellows act 

 " upon it the wind may issue partly within and partly above it, and not below it. And very 

 " small coals being placed round it, place the copper in it equally, and add over it a heap of 

 " coals. When by blowing a long time this has become melted, uncover it and cast immedi- 

 " ately fine ashes of coals over it, and stir it with a thin and dry piece of wood as if mixing it, 

 " and you will directly see the burnt lead adhere to these ashes like a glue, which being cast 

 " out again superpose coals, and blowing for a long time, as at first, again uncover it, and 

 " then do as you did before. You do this until at length by cooking it you can withdraw the 

 " lead entirely. Then pour it over the mould which you have prepared for this, and you will 

 " thus prove if it be pure. Hold it with the pincers, glowing as it is, before it has become 

 " cold, and strike it with a large hammer strongly over the anvil, and if it be broken or split 

 " you must liquefy it anew as before. If, however, it should remain sound, you will cool it in 

 " water, and you cook other (copper) in the same manner." Biringuccio (iii, 8) in 1540 

 describes the process briefly, but omits the poling, an essential in the production of malleable 

 copper. 



