34 TIMBEE 



and sleepers with Norway, Sweden, and Eussia, but only 

 the shorter poles come from Norway. This timber has 

 been largely used in the past for street paving, and is still 

 being used, but is gradually giving way to the more expen- 

 sive but much longer lasting Jarrah and other hard woods. 

 The pinewood grown in Britain is more cross grained, and 

 not so satisfactory as that produced in the colder climate of 

 Northern Europe. 



Amongst other well-known European pines, the timber 

 of which is used locally, are the Black or Austrian pine 

 (P. austriaca), Corsican pine (P. laricio), which produces 

 some of the best of pine timber and is suited for indoor and 

 outdoor work, Stone or Umbrella pine (P. pinea), whitish, 

 moderately resinous, and very light timber, used in Italy and 

 the south of France for general carpentry, and the Aleppo 

 pine (P. lialpensis], which is of large dimensions. The 

 average weight of Baltic redwood per cubic foot, taken 

 over a large number of fairly seasoned whole and cut 

 logs, is 37'51bs., max. 43'5, min. 33'9 Ibs. 



Spruce or White Fir (Piece cxccha) produces the timber 

 known as " Baltic whitewood " or white deal. It comes 

 from the same districts as the redwood, grows to a height 

 of 90 to 100 ft. or more, with slender trunk, but carries its 

 branches nearer the ground than the redwood ; hence the 

 great number of knots to be found in it. The wood is 

 nearly white in colour, a yellowish white with sometimes a 

 reddish or brownish tint, straight in the grain, light, tough 

 and elastic but soft, yet more difficult to work than red- 

 wood, owing to the hardness and great number of the 

 small knots it contains, and inferior to it in every way. It 

 is a timber which shrinks a good deal, but has only a 

 moderate thickness of sap, which is sometimes difficult to 

 distinguish owing to its being nearly the same colour as 



