106 TIMBER 



(U. crassifolia), Winged Elm (U. alata], and' Bed Elm or 

 slippery elm (U.fulca), with wood of a reddish tinge, found 

 chiefly along river beds. 



The three latter are small trees. 



The wood of the American elms, like that of the English 

 elm, is liable to twist and split, especially if used in thin 

 scantlings, and should be kept in water or under cover 

 until required for use ; there is a good deal of wane on the 

 edges and sometimes a twist in the imported logs, and to 

 get a 12 X 12 timber it may be necessary to saw down a 

 log of about 13^ or 14 inches square ; the thin slabs cut 

 off coming in handy for repairs to boats, or similar work. 

 The best logs are of uniform colour. Bock elm is used for 

 fenders on quays and for the fenders, handrails, and keels 

 of ships, arid elm generally for cooperage, saddlery and 

 harness work, agricultural implements, and largely for 

 furniture, as the handsome figure produced when elm is cut 

 tangentially is much admired. Elm is also a good deal 

 used by wheelwrights the hubs of the wheels in the 

 deacon's "one horse shay " were made of " settlers' ellum," 

 last of its timber, " they couldn't sell 'em " ; it is sometimes 

 used for piling, where driving is difficult, but is too costly 

 to be much used for that purpose. The medullary rays 

 and pores of summer wood are fine ; the pores are in 

 wavy lines. 



Weight about the same as English elm, up to 50 Ibs. per 

 cubic foot. 



Orham Wood, which is used in the English shopfitting 

 trade and a good deal for church seats, is a species of elm 

 with coarse and open grain, of light brown colour, which 

 comes from Canada. Orme is the French for elm, 

 hence doubtless the corruption of the word into orham. 

 It works up to a nice smooth surface. 



