HORNBEAM 



the ground. Ring-boundaries extremely fine, inconspicuous 

 lines. Flecks, long, narrow brown bands. 



Tangential Section. As the Radial, but the larger rays appear 

 as lines several inches high : the smaller about 0*5 mm. high. 



Type specimens from commercial sources and also from trees 

 known before felling. 



No. 191. RED ALDER. Alnus rubra. Bong. 



PLATE XIV. FIG. 121. 



Natural Order. Cupuliferae. 



Synonym. A. glutinosa, Pursh.(not Willd.). A. oregona, Nutt, 



Sources of Supply. United States and Canada. 



Alternative Names. Western Alder (12). Alder (2). Oregon 

 Alder (49). 



Physical Characters, etc. Recorded dry-weight 30 Ibs. per 

 cu. ft. (No other details, as I have no solid specimen.) 



Bark. " Thin, scarcely more than J in. in thickness, smooth, 

 excepting for very slight transverse ridges and excrescences, and 

 is of a more or less mottled pale grey colour and often nearly 

 white " (49). 



Uses, etc. " A large tree " (12). " Much of it is under 2 ft. in 

 diameter . . . runs up to a considerable height, very straight 

 . . . furniture, inside finishing " (2). " Light, soft, not strong, 

 brittle, very close-grained, compact and easily worked . . . 

 furniture . . ." (100). " Wooden ware . . . dug-out canoes " 



(49)- 



Authorities. Macoun (65), p. 437. Anderson (2), p. 13. Sar- 

 gent (100), p. 113. Hough (49)> pt. ix. p. 40. 



Colour. " Light brownish, nearly white " (2). " Light brown 

 tinged with red. Sap-wood nearly white " (100). " Assumes a 

 brownish tint upon exposure to the air " (49). 



Rays. " Distinct, broad " (100). 



No. 192. HORNBEAM. Carpinus Betulus. Linn. 

 PLATE XIV. FIG. 122. 



Natural Order. Cupuliferae. 



Alternative Names. Yoke-elm (48). Weissbuche : Hain- 

 buche : Hagebuche : Hornbaum (131). Hagbuche (81). Car- 

 pin : Charme in France : Carpy : Hardbeam : Quick- tree : 

 Quickbeam : Quickenbeam (Glaser's Taschenworterbuch). 

 Charmelle (69). 



Physical Characters, etc. Recorded dry-weight 45-56$ Ib-^. 

 per cu. ft. Nordlinger quotes the specific gravity as 0-92 

 The latter figure is equal to 75-625 Ib. per cu. ft. and m ! 



219 



