THE TIMBERS OF COMMERCE 



Colour. Heart- wood rich red, almost uniform : sharply de- 

 fined from the white sap-wood. Heart slightly excentric. 



Anatomical Characters. Transverse section : 



Pores or resin canals absent. 



Rays. Need lens, size 7, just visible to good sight on account 

 of their deeper colour : slightly denser than the ground : 10-16 

 per mm., apparently one between each row of cells : narrower 

 and yet more easily seen than those of J. communis. " A crystal- 

 line efflorescence of Cedar camphor appears upon the surface of 

 freshly-cut green wood " (131). 



Rings. Very clear : boundary darker in colour and varying 

 from a fine line to a distinct zone, frequently the latter : contour 

 in long, gentle undulations : distinct though scarcely prominent : 

 often like fine shading. 



Ground-tissue. Rather coarse, with isolated, red resin-cells 

 here and there. 



Pith. ? 



Radial Section. Slightly lighter than the Transverse section, 

 practically uniform. Rays dull but conspicuous, small, dark red 

 flakes, which show up against the shining ground : brilliant car- 

 mine : crystalline under the microscope. 



Tangential Section. As the Radial, but the rays appear as lines 

 about i'o mm. high of large round cells, containing a few drops of 

 carmine resin. Rings appear a 5 clear loops without fringes. 

 The resin-drops make their appearance in the tracheids (fibres) 

 of sap-wood long before they do in the rays. 



Type specimens from commercial sources and also from the ex- 

 hibit of the Mexican Government at the Paris Exhibition of 1900. 

 Laslett mentions " Pencil Cedar " under the name of J.bermud- 

 iana. I imagine that this is an error, as that species is not so 

 suitable for the purpose of making pencils. The specimen in the 

 Kew Museum is quite different to the commercial article and to 

 the specimens of J. virginiana in the same case. 



No. 226. JUNIPER. Juniperus communis. Linn. 



PLATE XVI. FIG. 139. 



Natural Order. Coniferae. 



Sources of Supply. Europe. 



Alternative Names. Gemeiner Wachholder in Germany : 

 Gen6vrier commun in France (Genebre in Provence) (69). 



Physical Characters, etc. Recorded dry- weight 33-41 Ibs. per 

 cu. ft. Hardness Grade 5, compare Ash. Smell agreeable 

 though slight when dry. Burns well with quiet, lively flame and 

 a little aroma, embers glow brightly in still air. Solution with 

 water brownish : with alcohol afterwards golden brown. 



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