( 103 ) [QUA 



Principals. ( 1) The framework supporting the purlins, which again 

 carry the common rafters, and thus the whole weight of 

 the roof is sustained by the principals. See " Roof -timber 

 Terms." (2) Also the partners in a firm. 



Progressive Kiln. A drying arrangement with openings at 

 both ends, and in which the material enters at one end and 

 is discharged at the other. 



Pugging. In architecture, any composition, generally a coarse 

 kind of mortar, laid on "lagging" or "sound-boarding ' 

 under the boards of an upper floor, to prevent the transmis- 

 sion of sound. 



Pulley Block. A block fitted with a pulley or shiver, or a sheaf 

 of pulleys or shivers, to distinguish it from a block without 

 pulleys known as " a Dead-eye " (which see). 



Pulley Stiles. The inner sides of a " sash-frame " (which see). 

 They derive their name from carrying the "sash-pulleys" 

 (which see, and "Sash-window"). 



Pulpwood. -Short lengths of whitewood or spruce 3 in. and 

 upwards in diameter, used for grinding into pulp to make 

 paper. 



Punky. A term applied to wood affected by rot, arising from a 

 large fungus of the genus polydorus. 



Purlin. A piece of timber laid horizontally, resting on the prin- 

 cipals of a roof to support the common rafters. Purlins 

 are sometimes called ribs. 



Putlog Holes. Holes in the wall for one end of the putlog to 

 rest, the other resting on the ledger of the scaffold. 



Putlogs. Short pieces of timber, generally about 7 feet long 

 used in scaffolds to carry the floor. They are placed at 

 right angles to the wall, one end resting on the ledgers of 

 the scaffold, and the other in holes left in the wall, called 

 put! og holes. Birch putlogs are largely imported from 

 Finland. 



Pyroligneus Acid or Wood Vinegar. A form of acetic acid made 

 by the destructive distillation of wood. 



Q 



Quality and Shipping Marks. Floated timber or wood in the log 

 is usually hand-marked by " screeve " or scribe or 

 stamp, i.e. " hammer mark." Archangel, Petersburg, 



