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Wood Flour is made from dry sawdust or small wood waste 

 ground to powder in a mill similar to that in which corn is 

 ground. It is vised for making explosives and linoleum. 



Wood Pulp. Usually made by either one or two general pro- 

 cesses, mechanical or chemical. In the mechanical process, 

 the wood, after being cut into suitable sizes and barked, is 

 held against revolving grindstones in a stream of water 

 and thus reduced to pulp. In the chemical process the 

 barked wood is reduced to chips and cooked in large digesters 

 with chemicals which destroy the cementing material of the 

 fibres and leave practically pure cellulose. This is then 

 washed and screened to render it suitable for paper-making. 

 The chemicals ordinarily used are either bisulphite of lime 

 or caustic soda. 



Wood Screw. Applied to screws in iron or brass used for wood 

 work. In wood, as " joiner' s-bench screw " and sundry tools. 



Wood Vinegar. Another name for pyroligneous acid. 



Wood Wool. Fine shavings made from wood ; used as a substi- 

 tute for hair in plaster ; largely used for packing purposes ; 

 when made from pine and specially prepared, used for surgi- 

 cal dressings. 



Wood-boring Marine Animals. These are numerous, especially 

 in tropical waters. The Teredo navalis, or " ship- worm," 

 the terror of wooden ships and overlying stocks in saline 

 waters, is too well known, from actually boring and burying 

 itself in the wood ; another destructive insect is the " sea- 

 shrimp," which eats floating timber or that at the water-line 

 of wood piling, not by boring in, but eating away the outer 

 layers or skins. 



Woodman's Measure. In some localities it is customary to 

 measure the length of a tree with a 5 ft. or a 3 ft. rod, and an 

 allowance is made of a handbreadth between each 3 ft., to 

 make up for irregularities and defects. 



Woodmonger. The old name of a timber merchant or dealer. 

 See " Monger." " The Company of Woodmongers " was 

 formerly one of the trade-guilds of the city of London. See 

 " Timber Merchant " and " Raff Merchant." 



Wood-pads. Blocks of wood varied in size according to their 

 purpose "large " in the instance of roof-principals placed 

 as their beds and built in the walls ; " small " when their 

 thickness is only half or a fourth of that of " wood bricks " 

 (which see). 



Woodware. A branch of the wood-trade allied to that of the 

 " cooper " ; woodware largely curtailed by the development 



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