iv MODERN EVOLUTION 177 



Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and Natural Re- 

 ligion are in some measure dependent on the 

 science of MAN, since they lie under the cognisance 

 of men, and are judged of by their powers and 

 qualities/) 



' The analogy between individual organisms and 

 the social organisms is one that has in all ages 

 forced itself on the attention of the observant. . . . 

 While it is becoming clear that there are no such 

 special parallelisms between the constituent parts 

 of a man and those of a nation, as have been 

 thought to exist, it is also becoming clear that 

 the general principles of development and struc- 

 ture displayed in all organised bodies are displayed 

 in societies also. The fundamental characteristic 

 both of societies and of living creatures is, that 

 they consist of mutually dependent parts ; and it 

 would seem that this involves a community of 

 various other characteristics. . . . Meanwhile, if 

 any such correspondence exists, it is clear that 

 Biology and Sociology will more or less interpret 

 each other. 



'One of the positions we have endeavoured to 

 establish is, that in animals the process of develop- 

 ment is carried on, not by differentiations only, but 

 by subordinate integrations. Now in the social 

 organism we may see the same duality of process ; 

 and further, it is to be observed that the integra- 

 tions are of the same three kinds. Thus we have 

 integrations that arise from the simple growth 

 of adjacent parts that perform like functions ; as, 

 for instance, the coalescence of Manchester with 

 its calico-weaving suburbs. We have other in- 



M 



