iv MODERN EVOLUTION 207 



The theologians have come to their last ditch in 

 contesting that the mental differences between man 

 and the lower animals are fundamental, being differ- 

 ences of kind This struggle against the applica- 

 tion of the theory of Evolution to man's intellectual 

 and spiritual nature will be long and stubborn, it is 

 a matter of life and death to the theologian to show 

 that he has in revelation, and in the world-wide 

 belief of mankind in spiritual existences without 

 and in a spirit or soul within, evidence of the super- 

 natural. The evolutionist has no such corresponding 

 deep concern. When the argument against him is 

 adduced from the Bible, he can only challenge the 

 grounds on which that book is cited as divine 

 authority, or as an authority at all. Granting, for 

 the sake of argument, that a revelation has been 

 made, the writings purporting to contain it must 

 comply with the twofold condition attaching to it, 

 namely, that it makes known matters which the 

 human mind could not, unaided, have found out ; 

 and that it embodies those matters in language as 

 to the meaning of which there can be no doubt 

 whatever. If there be any sacred books which 

 comply with these conditions, they have yet to be 

 discovered. 



When the argument against the evolutionist is 

 drawn from human testimony, he does not dispute 

 the existence of the belief in a soul and in all the 

 accompanying apparatus of the supernatural ; but 

 he calls in the anthropologist to explain how these 

 arose in the barbaric mind. 



Meanwhile, let us summarise the evidence which 

 points to the psychical unity between man and the 



