216 PIONEERS OF EVOLUTION PART 



Glasgow in 1895, Lord Kelvin said, ' I know no more 

 of electric and magnetic force, or of the relation 

 between ether, electricity, and ponderable matter, 

 or of chemical affinity than I knew and tried to 

 teach my students of natural philosophy fifty years 

 ago in my first session as professor.' 

 ' This recognition of limitations will content those 

 who seek not * after a sign.' For others, that search 

 will continue to have encouragement not only from 

 the theologian, but from the pseudo-scientific who 

 have travelled some distance with the Pioneers of 

 Evolution, but who refuse to follow ther. *. further. In 

 each of these there is present the ' theological bias ' 

 whose varied forms are skilfully analysed by Mr. 

 Spencer in his chapter under that heading in the Study 

 of Sociology. This explains the attitude of various 

 groups which are severally represented by Mr. St. 

 George Mivart, Dr. W. B. Carpenter, Prof. Sir Geo. G. 

 Stokes, and by Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace, the only 

 survivor of the four. The first-named was a Roman 

 Catholic ; the second was a Unitarian ; the third was 

 an orthodox Churchman, and the fourth, as already 

 seen, is a Spiritualist. In his Genesis of Species, Mr. 

 Mivart contends that ' man's body was evolved from 

 pre-existing material (symbolised by the term "dust 

 of the earth"), and was therefore only derivatively 

 created, i.e. by the operation of secondary laws,' but 

 that * his soul, on the other hand, was created in 

 quite a different way ... by the direct action of 

 the Almighty (symbolised by the term breathing '), 

 p. 325. In his Mental Physiology, Dr. Carpenter 

 postulates an Ego or Will which presides over, with- 

 out sharing in, the causally determined action of the 



