iv MODERN EVOLUTION 217 



other mental functions and their correlated bodily 

 processes ; ' an entity which does not depend for 

 its existence on any play of physical or vital 

 forces, but which makes these forces subservient 

 to its determinations' (p. 27). Mr. Mivart actu- 

 ally cites St. Augustine and Cardinal Newman as 

 authorities in support of his theory of the special 

 creation of the soul. He might with equal effect 

 subpoena Dr. Joseph Parker or General Booth as 

 authorities. Dr. Carpenter argued as became a good 

 Unitarian. In his Gifford Lectures on Natural 

 Theology, Professor Stokes asserts, drawing 'on 

 sources of information which lie beyond man's 

 natural powers,' in other words, appealing to the 

 Bible, that God made man immortal and upright, 

 and endowed him with freedom of the will. As, 

 without the exercise of this, man would have been as 

 a mere automaton, he was exposed to the temptation 

 of the devil, and fell. Thereby he became ' subject 

 to death like the lower animals,' and by the ' natural 

 effect of heredity,' transmitted the taint of sin to 

 his offspring. The eternal life thus forfeited was 

 restored by the voluntary sacrifice of Christ, but can 

 be secured only to those who have faith in him. 

 This doctrine, which is no novel one, is known as 

 ' conditional immortality.' Professor Stokes attaches 

 'no value to the belief in a future life by meta- 

 physical arguments founded on the supposed nature 

 of the soul itself,' and he admits that the purely 

 psychic theory which would discard the body alto- 

 gether in regard to the process of thought is beset 

 by very great difficulties.' So he once more has 

 recourse to ' sources of information which lie beyond 



