iv MODERN EVOLUTION 223 



tive and deductive reasoning which, applied to other 

 matters, would assure some reputation, and I think 

 one need ask no further why he possesses such a 

 fair supply of brains.' . . . But Mr. Wallace's objec- 

 tion ' applies quite as strongly to the lower animals. 

 Surely a wolf must have too much brain, or else 

 how is it that a dog, with only the same quantity 

 and form of brain, is able to develop such singular 

 intelligence? The wolf stands to the dog in the 

 same relation as the savage to the man ; and there- 

 fore, if Mr. Wallace's doctrine holds good, a higher 

 power must have superintended the breeding up of 

 wolves from some inferior stock, in order to prepare 

 them to become dogs ' (Critiques and Addresses, 



P- 293)- 



After all is said, perhaps the effective refutation 



of the belief in a spiritual entity superadded in 

 man is found in the explanation of the origin of 

 that belief which anthropology supplies. 



The theory of the origin and growth of the belief 

 in souls and spiritual beings generally, and in a 

 future life, which has been put into coherent form 

 by Spencer and Tylor, is based upon an enormous 

 mass of evidence gathered by travellers among 

 existing barbaric peoples ; evidence agreeing in 

 character with that which results from investigations 

 into beliefs of past races in varying stages of culture. 

 Only brief reference to it here is necessary, but the 

 merest outline suffices to show from what obvious 

 phenomena the conception of a soul was derived, a 

 conception of which all subsequent forms are but 

 elaborated copies. As in other matters, crude 

 analogies have guided the barbaric mind in its ideas 



