60 



POPULAR FRUIT GROWING. 



or fence. It is a common method of growing the pear in Eng- 

 land on the south side of buildings. 



Renewing Old Trees. This is a difficult 

 matter and the best method is probably to cut 

 out the trees entirely or else to cut back the 

 tops in winter very severely and train the new 

 growth the same as young trees are handled. 

 If the varieties are not good, top-working with 

 better varieties may often be done to advan- 

 b tage. 



Trimmings. 'All trimmings from the or- 

 chard should be burned at once to prevent the 

 spread of insects or disease that may be on 

 them. 



QUESTIONS CHAPTER IV. 



1. What are the principal reasons for prun- 

 ing orchard trees? 



2. When is an open headed tree objectionable? 



3. When is an open head desirable? 



4. When should the work of pruning com- 

 mence? How severe should the early pruning be? 



5. Why is a low head desirable? How far 

 Fig. 15. Methods from the ground should it be to the first branches? 



of removing 6. When should pruning be done? 



buds, a and b, 7. Describe the method of making cuts in re- 



stubs too long; moving small and large limbs. 



c, cut too close 8. What is the danger if a long stub is left? 



to bud; d, prop- 9. Why should the larger wounds be painted? 



er method of 10. What tools are ordinarily used in pruning? 

 cutting. 11. What is a desirable form for the young 



tree? 



12. How may the growth of the tree be influenced by pruning to 

 certain buds? 



13. How may old trees be renewed? 



