PROPAGATION OF FRUIT PLANTS. 165 



to be used in the spring they should generally be cut late in 

 the fall, as some kinds are liable to be injured by the winter. 

 However, a spring-cut cion may often be used successfully, but 

 it is not safe to trust them if, when cut open, the heart wood 

 appears dark colored. Cions should not be cut when frozen. 

 They should be stored in moist sawdust or sand in a cold cellar, 

 or buried in the ground outdoors during the winter. But this 

 does not apply in the case of plum cions, which generally do 

 best when cut in the spring as needed. , Plum cions are stored 

 with difficulty as they quite often lose their buds in storage. 

 Cherry cions are most safely carried through the winter when 

 packed in moist Leaves. If packed in sand or sawdust, they 

 sometimes become water soaked. 



Fig. 82. Tools used in grafting and budding: 1. Budding knife. 

 2. Grafting knife. 3. Grafting chisel. 4. Club mallet. 



The principles which underlie grafting are the same as in 

 budding, i. e., the cions and stock must be closely related; the 

 work must be done in such a manner that the inside bark of 

 both cion and stock come closely in contact; and at a season 

 of the year, and* under such circumstances that they may unite 

 at once, or as soon as growth starts. The success of the opera- 

 tion largely depends (1) on having the stock and cion perfectly 

 healthy; (2) in selecting the proper season, which varies some- 



