point, but as a rule when there is a tubular or cup-like 

 expansion it is wise to consider the calyx to commence at 

 the spot where the petals and stamens are inserted. Well, 

 a Rose has a very large round or oblong floral tube, from 

 the top of which come off first a row of five septals, then 

 one of five petals, and close above these a circle of many 

 stamens. In cultivated Roses the petals are greatly 

 increased in number, and this generally occurs by stamens 

 being converted into petals. This change in appearance is 

 not as marvellous as it seems, as all these organs, except 

 the spore-bearing sacks sometimes found on them, as the 

 anthers on the stamens and ovules on the carpels, are 

 simply modified leaves, and may with little difficulty revert 

 to a more leafy condition. We often meet with flowers in 

 which the inner organs revert to the condition of ordinary 

 green leaves, and then the centre generally grows up into 

 a leafy shoot. If you cut a Rose open you will find inside 

 numerous seed-like bodies. Each of these is a carpel, and 

 contains one ovule, which will become the true seed. The 

 carpels each have a long slender style with a little round 

 stigma at the end. These stigmas may be seen protruding 

 in the centre of the flower. When fruit is formed the floral 

 tube becomes fleshv, and red to black in colour. The car- 

 pels do not burst to allow the single seeds to escape, but 

 harden and function as a seed-coat. This condition of fruit 

 is useful to the plant in furthering the distribution of its 

 seed. Browsing animals eat these fruits, called Hips, 

 and the seed-containing bodies being quite indigestible, 

 provided they escape being crushed in mastication, are 

 accordingly dispersed. 



Cherry, Apricot, Almond, and such have flowers of a 

 much simpler development. The floral tube is small and 

 cup-like, but the sepals, petals, and stamens, like Rose, are 

 placed in succession on its edge. The pistil consists of a 

 single carpel placed in the centre of the flower containing 

 normally a single ovule. In developing into fruit the 

 outer part of the flower withers, and till it falls off 

 remains below, while the fruit develops into a fleshy globe 

 containing a single stone. The wall of the stone as well 

 as the flesh is developed from the wall of the carpel. 

 The kernel is the seed. In Almond the outer coat is green 

 and only slightly succulent. 



In Apple and Pear there is a different modification of 

 the Rose type. The floral tube is well developed, but not 

 as much so as in Rose. The sepals, petals, and stamens are 

 similarly placed. The pistil consists of a circle of about 



