54 USES OF COMMERCIAL WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



moderate forest fire damages or kills them. Wherever white pine 

 forests have been cut fire has generally followed and killed the young 

 pines that sprouted from seeds on the ground. The tree does not 

 sprout from the stump, and when seed trees are removed and the 

 seedlings already on the ground are killed by fire, as frequently hap- 

 pened in Michigan and elsewhere, the natural growth of pine in that 

 district is at an end. 



Direct injury to pine logs and lumber results from attacks of sev- 

 eral insect enemies which may kill the trees or perforate the trunks 

 of dead timber or damage sawlogs. Much injury was done from 

 1888 to 1893, from Maryland to North Carolina, by a bark beetle 

 (Dendroctonus frontalis], but its ravages were not serious after that 

 period. The pine sawyer so named from the grating noise it makes 

 as it eats its way into sawlogs is a larva. There are several species. 

 The white pine weevil bores the pith of twigs and makes special 

 attacks on terminal shoots, thereby deforming young trees, which, on 

 that account, though they may attain large size, are unfitted for 

 high-grade lumber. 



NORWAY PINE (Pinus resinosa). 

 PHYSICAL, PROPERTIES. 



Weight of dry wood. 30.25 pounds per cubic foot (Sargent). 



Specific gravity. 0.485 (Sargent). 



Ash. 0.27 per cent of dry weight of wood (Sargent). 



Fuel value. 65 per cent of white oak (Sargent). 



Breaking strength (modulus of rupture). 10,800 pounds per square inch, or 

 67 per cent that of longleaf pine (Sargent). 



Factor of stiffness (modulus of elasticity). 1,605,000 pounds per square inch, 

 or 76 per cent that of longleaf pine (Sargent). 



Character and qualities. Light, not strong, moderately soft ; grain rather 

 coarse, even, and straight; compact; annual rings rather wide; summerwood 

 not broad, light colored, resinous; resin passages few, small, not conspicuous; 

 medullary rays few, thin ; color light red, the sapwood yellow or often almost 

 white ; readily worked with tools ; not durable in the soil. 



Growth. Diameter, 2 to 3 feet ; height, 75 to 125 feet. 



SUPPLY. 



The commercial range of Norway pine lies in Michigan, Minnesota, 

 and Wisconsin, in the United States, and in the Provinces of Canada. 

 A small quantity is cut in New York, Pennsylvania, and New Eng- 

 land. The tree is known also as red pine, hard pine, and Canadian 

 red pine. 



The supply of Norway pine in the United States and across the 

 Canadian border is much smaller than formerly. No special demand 

 has ever been made upon it, as was the case with white pine, yellow 

 poplar, and black walnut, but it was put to some use from the first 



