74 USES OF COMMERCIAL WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Breaking strength (modulus of rupture). 10,400 pounds per square inch, or 

 64 per cent that of longleaf pine (Sargent). 



Factor of stiffness (modulus of elasticity). 1,327,000 pounds per square 

 inch, or 63 per cent that of longleaf pine (Sargent). 



Character and qualities. Wood rather light, hard, brittle, wide-ringed, com- 

 pact; summerwood narrow, very resinous, conspicuous; resin passages few, not 

 large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; wood straw-colored, the sapwood 

 pale yellow or nearly white. 



Growth. Height of 150 feet and a diameter of 25 inches are not unusual, 

 while trees much larger are occasionally seen. On high mountains the average 

 height is less than 100 feet, and the diameter less than 2 feet. 



SUPPLY. 



This tree's commercial range lies almost entirely in California and 

 is confined to the higher Sierras, though it is found in southern 

 Oregon and in the northern part of Lower California. It bears close 

 resemblance to the western yellow pine, and over much of its range is 

 associated with it, but extends higher on the mountains. It ap- 

 proaches within 3,600 feet of sea level and extends, in the south, 

 10,000 feet above. It is known by a number of names, some of which 

 seem arbitrary or applicable to a restricted locality. Among them 

 are peninsula pine, Truckee pine, pinos, black pine, black bark pine, 

 sapwood pine, Sierra redbark, western black pine, and bull pine. 



It would be difficult to make an approximate estimate of stand. 

 Jeffrey pine is not scarce within its range, which extends 1,000 miles 

 north and south and from 20 to 150 east and west. In many locali- 

 ties it passes for the western yellow pine, and in timber deals and 

 lumber operations it is frequently cut, bought, and sold as such. 

 Botanists, however, clearly distinguish between the two. The blacker 

 and more deeply furrowed bark of the Jeffrey pine is the usual 

 character by which lumbermen tell them apart. 



Jeffrey pine is not aggressive in extending its range or increasing 

 its stand. Its seeds have little wing area and never fly far. Neither 

 are they abundant, and they are at still further disadvantage by being 

 preyed upon by birds and rodents. The tree seems to be holding its 

 own, but no more. Better protection against fire may help it to some 

 extent. 



USES. 



A review of the uses of Jeffrey pine must be made under difficulty 

 similar to a review of the uses of the Norway pine of the Lake States. 

 The Norway pine is cut, milled, sold, and used with white pine, fre- 

 quently without effort to distinguish it. The Jeffrey pine occupies 

 precisely similar relations to the western yellow pine. There is, nev- 

 ertheless, considerable difference between the woods of the two species. 

 The wood is harder and coarser than yellow pine, and is more likely to 

 warp if air-dried. It would be much more valuable for fuel than it is 



