358 SOMK ZOOLOGICAL METHODS. 



ciliated epithelium the following methods are recommended 

 by ENGELMANN (Pfluger's Arch., xxiii, 1880, p. 505) : 



Cyclas cornea (intestine), maceration in osmic acid of 0'2 per 

 cent, (after having warmed the animal for a short time to 

 45 to 50 C.). Also, concentrated boracic-acid solution. 



The intra-cellular processes of the cilia. The entire intra 

 cellular fibre apparatus may be isolated by teasing fresh epi- 

 thelium from the intestine of a Lamellibranch (e. g. Anodonta) 

 in either bichromate of potash of 4 per cent., or salt-solution 

 of 10 per cent. To get good views of the apparatus in situ 

 in the body of the cell, macerate for not more than an hour 

 in concentrated solution of boracic or salicylic acid. Very 

 dilute osmic acid (e.g. O'l per cent.) gives also good results. 

 The " lateral cells " of the gills are best treated with strong 

 boracic-acid solution (5 parts cold saturated aqueous solution 

 to 1 part water). 



DROOST (Morphol. Jahrb., xii, 2, 1886, p. 163) recommends, 

 for Cardium and My a, a mixture due to MOBIUS, consisting of 

 Chromic acid, 0*25 per cent. ~j 

 Osmic acid, O'l per cent. C in sea water. 

 Acetic acid, O'l per cent. ) 

 The animals to remain for a few days in the liquid. 



BELA HALLER (Ibid., xi, 1885, p. 321) particularly recom- 

 mends a mixture of 1 part of glacial acetic acid, 1 of glycerin, 

 and 4 of water, for the maceration of nervous centres (of 

 Rhipidoglossa). A sufficient degree of maceration is obtained 

 in from thirty to forty minutes, and there is no shrinkage of 

 the elements. 



See also the media recommended by PATTEN (Mitth. Zool. 

 Stat. Neapel, vi, 4, 1886, p. 736). Sulphuric acid, 40 drops 

 to 50 grammes of water, is here recommended as a most 

 valuable macerating and preservative agent. Entire molluscs, 

 without the shell, may be kept in it for months. 



713. Shell. Sections of non-decalcified shell are easily 

 obtained by the usual methods of grinding, or, which is often 

 a better plan, by the methods of v. Koch or Ehrenbaum, 

 303, 304. For sections of decalcified shell, MOSELEY, who 

 has had great experience of this kind of work, particularly 

 recommends the method of decalcification given above, 711. 



