PLAY AND INSTINCT. 29 



together. This is all that a happy marriage means to 

 birds. There is no freedom, no voluntary action, no 

 play of varying moods, no life of emotion or of thought 

 to be expressed in the animal's actions. Without know- 

 ing what he does or why he does it, he makes directly 

 for Nature's goal." * 



The well-known zoologist Wasman refers instinct 

 to the Supreme Power, but with greater moderation. 

 He holds that in instinctive acts themselves feeling and 

 presentation may be present, but, so far as instincts are 

 not explicable by the animal's own intelligence, he 

 refers them to the Creator's influence. " Since," 

 he says, " animals do not know the end of their in- 

 stinctive actions, so much the less can they consciously 

 pursue it. There must be a higher intelligence present, 

 which not only knows the end but has ordered it. This 

 intelligence can be no other than that of the Creator who 

 has arranged the order of Nature, and made everything 

 conducive to the proper preservation of that order. The 

 adaptability of the several instincts of unreflecting 

 brutes, as well as their correlation to those of other mem- 

 bers of creation, must have its origin in creative intelli- 

 gence." f 



The efforts of metaphysicians to find a solution of 

 the question are of a similar character. The spiritual 

 principle is, of course, substituted for the Christian's 

 God, but the transcendental-teleological view is re- 

 tained. A few citations may be useful here too. Schel- 



* A. E. Brehm, Thierleben, vol. i., p. 21. 



t E. Wasman, Die Zusammengesetzten tmd Gemischten Kolo- 

 nien der Ameisen, Munster, 1891, p. 214. See, also, the interest- 

 ing article by 0. Fliigel, Zur Psychologie und Entwickelungsge- 

 schichte der Ameisen, Zeitschrift fttr exacte Philosophic, vol. xx, 

 p. 66. 



