42 THE PLAY OF ANIMALS. 



for the preservation of the egg, has not yet come. The 

 caterpillar has never experienced the metamorphosis for 

 which it prepares." * 



I conclude with a few examples from the numerous 

 witnesses among modern scientists. " The instinct for 

 flight to warmer lands/' says Naumann,t " is horn in 

 migratory birds. Young ones taken from the nest and 

 allowed to fly about freely in a large room sufficiently 

 prove this. They circle about their prison at night, 

 during their time of migration, just as the old birds do 

 in confinement." Douglas Spalding experimented^: as 

 Swammerdam also did. He took little chicks from the 

 egg, put caps on them that covered the eyes until they 

 were two days old. When these were removed one of 

 them at once followed with its eyes and head a fly some 

 twelve inches away. A few minutes later it picked at its 

 own toes, and in the next moment sprang vigorously 

 after a fly and devoured it. It ran at once, with evident 

 assurance, to a hen brought near, and seemed to need no 

 experience or association in all this to enable it to go 

 over or around impediments, for these were its first les- 

 sons in life. Spalding has also shown experimentally 

 that young swallows can fly without teaching as soon 

 as they reach the proper age. Further he relates: " One 

 day, after I had been stroking my dog, I reached my 

 hand into a basket which held four blind kittens three 

 days old. The smell of my hand made them spit and 

 hiss in a ridiculous way." # Eomanes succeeded in mak- 



* It may be noted here that Lotze, too, holds the hypothesis of 

 instinct as indispensable. See his larger Metaphysik, p. 299. 



t J. A. Naumann, Naturgeschichte der Vogel Deutschlands, i, 

 p. 86. 



\ Macmillan's Magazine, February, 1873. 



■ See Wesley Mills, The Psychic Development of Young Ani- 



