PLAY AND INSTINCT. 47 



primary and secondary instinct. He says: " I shall 

 allude to instincts which arise by way of natural selec- 

 tion, without the intervention of intelligence, as primary 

 instincts, and to those which are formed by the lapsing 

 of intelligence as secondary instincts." * 



Komanes in turn has influenced some other animal 

 psychologists. Thus Foveau de Courmelles says, in elab- 

 orating Komanes , distinction: "The primary instincts 

 consist of non-intelligent habits devoid of adaptability, 

 transmissible by heredity, themselves subject to variation 

 and liable to become fixed. Secondary instincts are in- 

 telligent adaptations that have become automatic and 

 hereditary." f And Lloyd Morgan, who refers to 

 Komanes's treatment of the instinct idea as most mas- 

 terly and admirable, likewise adopts the division into 

 primary and secondary instincts, but, owing to the in- 

 fluence of Weismann and Galton, is very cautious about 

 approaching the subject of the inheritance of acquired 

 characters, and, consequently, that of secondary in- 

 stincts. He accordingly attributes to these principles 

 only a probable value. % 



The great majority of modern animal psychologists, 

 however, explain instinct by the Lamarckian principle 

 of the inheritance of acquired characters alone, or almost 

 alone. Their conception of instinct is something like 

 this: Darwin had already pointed out its analogy to acts 



* Mental Evolution in Animals, chap. xii. I am well aware 

 that the distinctions between " inherited " and " acquired," " pri- 

 mary " and " secondary," instincts are not exactly the same, but 

 I can not go into these finer points here. 



f Les facultes mentales des animaux, Paris, 1890, p. 55. 



% Animal Life and Intelligence, p. 433. [The reader should 

 turn to Lloyd Morgan's later work, Habit and Instinct, in which 

 he gives up the " inheritance of acquired characters " altogether.] 



