CONTENTS. ix 



logical Observations of Ziwolka. — The cold Summer of Nova Zembla. — VonBaer's scientific Voyage 

 to Nova Zembla. — His Adventures in Matosclikin Scliar. — Stonii in Kostin Schar. — Sea Bath and 

 votive Cross. — Botanical Obseivatioiis. — A natural Garden. — Solitude and Silence. — A Bird Ba- 

 zar. — Hunting Expeditions of the Russians to Nova Zambia Page 147 



CHAPTER XII. 



THE LAPPS. 



Their ancient History and Conversion to Christianity. — Self-denial and Poverty of the Lapland Clergy. 



Their singular Mode of Preaching.— Gross Superstition of the Lapps. — The Evil Spirit of the 



\Voods.— The Lapland Witches.— Physical Constitution of the Lapps.— Their Dress.— The Fjiilllap- 

 pars. — Their Dwellings. — Store-houses.— Reindeer Pens. — Milking the Reindeer.— Migration.— 

 The Lapland Dog.— Skiders, or Skates.— The Sledge, or Piilka.— Natural Beauties of Lapland,— 

 Attachment of the Lapps to their Country.— Bear-hunting.— Wolf-hunting.— Mode of Living of the 

 wealthy Lapps.— How they kill the Reindeer.- Visiting the Fair.— Mammon Worship.- Treasure- 

 hiding. — "Tabak, or Braende."— Affectionate Disposition of the Lapps.— The Skogslapp.— The 

 Fisheilapp « • " 156 



CHAPTER XII L 



M.A.TTIIIAS ALEXANDER CASTR^I. 



His Birthplace and first Studies.— Journey in Lapland, 1838.— The Iwalojoki.— The Lake of Enara.— 

 The Pastor of Utzjoki. — From Rowanieiiii to Kenii. — Second Voyage, 1841-44.— Storm on the 

 White Sea. — Return to Archangel. — The Tundras of the European Samoi'edcs. — Mesen. — Universal 

 Drunkenness.— Sledge Journey to Pustosersk. — A SamoTede Teacher. — Tundra Storms. — Abandon- 

 ed and alone in the Wilderness. — Pustosersk. — Our Traveller's Persecutions at Ustsylmsk and Ish- 

 emsk. — The Uusa. — Crossing the Ural. — Obdorsk.— Second Siberian Journey, 1845-48. — Overflow- 

 ing of the Obi. — Surgut. — Krasnojarsk, — Agreeable Surprise. — Turuchansk — Voyage down the 

 Jenissei. — Castren's Study at Plachina. — From Dudinka to Tolstoi Noss. — Frozen Feet. — Return 

 Voyage to the South. — Frozen fast on the Jenissei. — Wonderful Preservation.— Journey across the 

 Chinese Frontiers, and to Transbaikalia. — Return to Finland. — Professorship at Helsingfors. — Death 

 of Castren, 1855 168 



CHAPTER XIV, 



THE S AMOIED E S. 



1 heir Barbarism. — Num, or Jilibeambaertje. — Shamanism. — Samoiede Idols. — Sjad;iei. — Hahe. — TheTa- 

 debtsios, or Spirits. — The Tadibes, or Sorcerers. — Their Dress. — Their Invocations. — Their conjuring 

 Tricks. — Reverence paid to the Dead. — A Samoiede Oath. — Appearance of the Samoi'edes. — Their 

 Dress. — A Samoiede Belle. — Character of the Sanioiedes. — Their decreasing Numbers. — Traditions of 

 ancient Heroes 179 



CHAPTER XV. 



THE O S T I A K S , 



What is the Obi? — Inundations. — An Ostiak summer Yourt. — Poverty of the Ostiak Fishermen. — A 

 winter Yourt. — Attachment of the Ostiaks to their ancient Customs. — An Ostiak Prince. — Archery. 

 — Appearance and Character of the Ostiaks. — The Fair of Obdorsk * 185 



CHAPTER XVI. 



CONQUEST OF SIBERIA BY THE RUSSIANS — ^THEIR VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY ALONG THE SHORES OF THE 



POLAR SEA. 



Ivan the Terrible. — StrogonofT. — Yermak, the Robber and Conqueror. — His Expeditions to Siberia. — 

 Battle of Tobolsk. — Yermak's Death. — Progress of the Russians to Ochotsk. — Semen Deshnew. — 

 Condition of the Siberian Natives under the Russian Yoke. — Voyages of Discovery in the Reign of 

 the Empress Anna. — Prontschischtschew. — Chariton and Demetrius Laptew. — An Arctic Heroine. 

 — Schalaurow. — Discoveries in the Sea of Bering and in the Pacific Ocean. — The Lacbow Islands. — 

 Fossil Ivory. — New Siberia. — The wooden Mountains. — The past Ages of Siberia r 191 



