INDEX. 



Adelie, Terre, discovery of, 402. 



Agouti, the, of Patagonia, 419. 



Agriculture, state of, in Iceland, 79. 



Aigun. treaty of, 196. 



Air, remarkable moisture of the, in Taimurland, 

 225. 



, its perpetual motion in the Arctic zones, 225. 



Akurig, eider-ducks of. 81. 



Albasin, the Russian fort of, built, 195. 



, destroyed by the Chinese, but rebuilt, 196. 



Albatross, wandering, of the Ant irc:ic seas, 395. 



Alcyonians on the coasts of Greenland. 59. 



Aleutian Islands, causes which led to the discovery 

 of the, 201. 



• , extent of the, 270. 



Aleuts, their wretched condition under their mas- 

 ters, 273. 



, their skill and intrepidity in hunting, 273- 



276. 



Alexander, Cape, discover}' of, 365. 



■ Island, discovery of, 401. 



Algerine pirates, ravages of, in Iceland, 95 ; and in 

 the Westman Islands, 119. 



Alaska, discovery of, 202. 



• , climate of the, 269. 



, mountains and forests of, 269. 



, purchase of, by the Americans, 277. 



■ , telegraph througli, 278. 



, travelling in, 278-289. 



, natives of, 278-289. 



, climate of, 284. 



, food in, 287. 



Almannagja, description of the, 73. 



Altai Mountains, crossed by the Cossacks, 195. 



Alten. copper mines of, 128. 



Altenfjord, vegetation of the borders of the, 128. 



America, North, treeless zone of, 18-22. 



. character of the Coniferas of, 23, 24. 



, range of the cavil)ou, or reindeer, of, 36-39. 



, the musk-ox of. 41. 



• , tlie white dolpliin in the rivers of, 61. 



, the black dolphin of, 61. 



, walruses of the shores of, 64. 



■ , history of the fur-trade of, 307 et seq. 



, first discoverers and settlers of, 335. 



America, North, destruction of the Greenland colo- 

 nics, 335. 



, subsequent discoveries, 335 et seq. 



• , attempts to discover tlie north-western pas- 

 sage to India, 342 et seq. 



America, Russian, its transfer to the United States, 

 272, note. 



Amoor, river, discover}' of the, by the Russians, ■who 

 relinquish it to the Chinese, 195, 196. 



——, the country annexed by Russia, 196. 



Anakerdluk, in North Greenland, buried forest of, 

 29. 



Angekoks, or priests of the Esquimaux, 301. 



Animals, comparatively small number of, in the 

 Arctic regions, 25. 



, the forests the head-quarters of many, 41. 



of the Arctic Seas, 59. 



of the coasts of Spitzbergen, 134. 



, fur-bearing, of Sil)eria, 209. 



, the, of Taimurland, 227. 



of Nishne-Kolymsk, 235. 



of Newfoundland, 378. 



, no land, in the Antarctic region, 394. 



of Patagonia, 418. 



Aniuj, vegetation of the vallej' of the, 235. 



, chief resource of the people of the, 237. 



Anjou, Lieut., his Arctic explorations, 233. 



Archangel, foundation of, 192. 



, New, site of the town of, 272. 



, fur-trade of, 273. 



, medium of exchange at, 276. 



Archers, the Ostiaks as, 187. 



Arctic regions, rivers of the, 17. 



, limits of the, 18. 



, the forests of the, 18-23. 



, their treeless wastes, or Tundra, 18. 



, in summer and winter, 19. 



, their extent and boundaries, 21. 



, animal life in the, 25. 



, influence of the sea and winds on the severity 



of the winter of the, 27. 



, the lowest temperatures felt by man, 27, 28. 



, how man becomes accustomed to the rigors of 



the winter of the, 28. 



, proofs of a former milder climate in the north- 

 ern regions of the globe, 29. 



, beauties of Nature in the, 31-33. 



, land quadrupeds and birds of the, 34. 



, the seas of the, 49. • 



compared with the Antarctic regions, 391. 



Arctic voyages of discovery, 335 et seg. 737 et seq 



Are Thorgilson. his Icelandic works, 94. 



Argali (^Oris arrjaH) of Siberia, 41. 



AiTows of the Ostiaks, 187, 188. 



Ascidians on the coasts of Greenland, 59. 



Ash, the, in the Arctic regions, 24. 



Asia, treeless zone of, 18-22. 



Athabascan Indians, hunting-grounds of the, 327. 



Atlassoff, the Cossack, his treatment of the natives 

 ot Kamchatka, 198. 



Atmosphere, transparency of the, in the Polar re- 

 gions, 54, 55. 



, phenomena of, reflection and refraction, and 



their probable causes, 65. 



Auk, the giant, its rarity at present in Iceland, 85. 



Aurora borealis, 33. 



, splendor of the, in the Arctic regions, 33. 



