^88 



INDEX. 



Aurora lioroalis, terror of the Lapps at the, 157. 



at Niilato, 281. 



Austin. Captain, his soarch for Franklin, 357. 



Avalanches of ice in Spitzherjien, 1.'!.^. 



AwakloU and Myouk, their imprisonment on an 



iceberg, '298. 

 Awatscha bay. sea-birds of, 255. 

 , its magniticence and extent, 256. 



B. 



Baaty KiTAN, his subjection of Russia, 191. 



Biichelor river, the, 412. 



Back (Mr., afterwards Sir George), his Arctic voy- 

 ages, .S4C, 3-17, 349. 



, his search for C^iptain PIoss, 354. 



. his discovery of (ireat I'ish Kiver, 355. 



, voyage in 1835, 355. 



Back's river, discovery of, 355. 



Badarany, desert of swamps, the, 234. 



Baer, Herr von, his scientific journey to Nova 

 Zenibla, 151. 



Baffin, his voyages of discovery, 343. 



Baffin's Bay, probable influence of the northerly 

 ■winds on the depression of the temperature of, 

 27. 



Baffin's Bay, walruses of the coasts of, 64. 



, discovery of, 343. 



Balleny, his discoveries in the Antarctic ocean, 401. 



Islands, iliscovery of, 401. 



Banks's Land, proofs of a former milder tempera- 

 ture in, 29. 



Bards, or Scalds, of Iceland, 94. 



Barentz, William, visit of, to Spitzbergen, 138. 



, his voyages of discovery, 339. 



, his winter in Nova Zembla, 340. 



, his death, 342. 



Barlej', cultivation of. in Norway, 124. 



Barren grounds, barrens, or tundri, Arctic belt of 

 the, 18. 



, causes of their barrenness, 18. 



, their appearance in winter and in summer, 19. 



, indistinct and irretrnlar boundaries of the, 21. 



, those of Newfoundland, 377. 



Barrow Point, traffic of, 302. 



Barter Reef, traffic of, 302. 



Bear, lilack, muskwa (6Vs»5 americanus), value of 

 the fur of the, .315. 



, descripiion of him, 315. 318. 



, brown, of North America, 315. 



. value of the skins of the young brown bear, 



211. 



, grizzl}', of the Rocky Mountains (Ursus fe- 



rox), 315. 



, bis skin, 315. 



, the polar, liis mode of hunting, 65, 446, 448. 



■ , his favorite food and mode of seizing it, 65, 



447, 450, 451. 



, anecdote of one, 65. 



, instance'! of his sagacity, 65. 



, parental care of the she-bear, 65. 



, her winter nursery. 65, 66. 



. her internal store of food for her hvbernation, 



66. 



, immense strength of claws and teeth. 66, 67. 



, his unwelcome visits to Iceland, 81. 



of Spitzbergen. 137. 



• of Nova Zembla, 149. 



-, Lapp mode of hunting the, 164-166. 



, Eaquniiaux methods of hunting the, 163. 



Bear of Newfoundland, 378. 



, abundance of, in Kamchatka, 258. 



, sea-, value of the skins of the, in China, 374. 



, chase of the, in the Pribilow Islands, 274. 



families and battles, 274, 275. 



, the Austral sea-, 399. 



, himted by dogs, 453. 



Bear Island, or Cherie Island, accour,t of, 143. 



, climate of, 144. 



-, walruses of, 144. 



, boat- voyages of Norwegian sailors from, 146. 



, di.scovery of, 340. 



, surveyed by the Russians, 200. 



Beaver {Castm- Jibtr), its skin the standard of ex.. 

 change with the Canadian Lillians, 31.3. 



, former enormous trade in the fur of the, 317. 



of Newfoundland, 378. 



Beaver Indians, their hunting-grounds, 327. 



Bee, sand {Andrena), of Nova Zembla, 154, 



Beech, Antarctic {f-'/ir/us betiiluides), 410. 



Beechey, Captain, his vovage to Bering's Straits, 

 3g0. 



Beerenberg mountain, 146. 



Bering, Titus, never passed through the straits bear- 

 ing his name, 197. 



, his second voyage, 201. 



, his second voyage of discovery, 248, 249. 



, his bad conduct, 250. 



, his death, 252. 



Bering Island. Bering and Steller on, 25L 



Sea, descripiion of the, 268. 



, barren lands at, 22. 



, seals and walruses of, 63, 64. 



, its climate, 269. 



, character of the shores of the, 270. 



, animals of tlie, 271. 



Bering's Straits, view of the Old and New worlds in 

 the, 271. 

 -, Captain Beechey 's voyage to, 350. 



Belcher, Sir Edward, his search for Franklin, 359. 



Bellingliausen, his discovery of the islands Paul the 

 First and Alexander, 401. 



Bi-llot, Lieut., his gallant search for Franklin, 359. 



, his death and monument. 362. 



Beluga, or white dolphin (_De/j)/tinus leucas), de- 

 scription of the, 61. 



, domain of the, 61. 



Beluga Bay, visit of Von Baer's party to, 151. 



Bennet, Stephen, his visit to Bear Island, 143, 144, 



Berry-gathering in Nishne-Kolymsk, 238. 



Bilberries of the Arctic regions, 24. 



Billings, \oyage of, on the coast of Siberia. 201. 



Biiph, paper, value of the, in North America, 304, 



Birch-trees in the Arctic regions, 24. 



Birds, flights' of wild, in summer montlis, in the 

 Tundra, 19. 



, their migrations to and from hii,h latitudes, 



43, 44, 67. 



, the polar singing-bird, the snow-bunting, 43. 



, raptoiial, of the Arctic regions, 43. 



, enormous numbers of, along the Arctic shores, 



— , Icelandic, 81. 



— of the coa.st of Norway. 124. 



— of Spitzhergen, 133, 134, 137. 



— of Nova Zeml)la, 154. 

 — , a bird bazar, 154. 



— , abundance of sea-fowl on the coast of Kam- 

 chtitUa, 255^ 



— , Esquimaux mode of bird-catching, 295. 

 — , abundance of, on the coast of Greenland, 388. 



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