IXDEX. 



'89 



Birds of the coasts of the Antarctic sea, 394. 



of Patas^onia, 419. 



Birkarls. their liiial sulijuiratiun of the Lapps, 156. 



Biscoe, his discovery of Eiiderli}' Land, and of Gra- 

 ham Land, 401. 



Bl.ick death, ravages of the, in the Nor:h, 383. 



Blackfeet Indians, their wars with the 'linne and 

 Crees, 319, 320. 



Bloody Falls, on the Coppermine river, 294. 



Boats of the Esquimaux, 293. 



, the birch-bark canoes of North America, 304. 



Bogbcrries of the Arctic regions, 24. 



Booth, Sir Felix, his Arctic expedition, 251. 



Bougainville, his voyage through tiie Straitof Ma- 

 gellan, 414. 



Brandt, the Danish forester, his journey with Yon 

 Middoiidorff, 220. 



Brandy, fondness of the Samoi'edes for, 171-173. 



drunk at Kolymsk, 238. 



Brant Ysbrantzoun, his voyages of discovery, 339. 



Bre;id of the poor Icelaiidirs, 79. 



Bredal, Eric, liis education of Lapps in Christianit}*, 

 156. 



Bridges, swing, of Iceland, 111. 



Browne, T. Ross, 74, 95, 104, 115. 



Buchun, Captain, his Arctic voyage, 344. 



Bunting, its migrations to and from the north, 43. 



, the Lapland {Centioph'ines Lapponicui), lati- 

 tudes inhabited by the, 43, 44. 



Bunting, the snow, the polar singing-bird, 44. 



Bunting, its nest and food, 44. 



of Iceland, 81. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



Burglars, treatment of, in Eussia, 206. 



Burrough, S'ephen, his voyage to discover the 

 north-eastern passage, 336. 



Busa, Jelissei, liis ascent of the rivers Lena and 

 Olekma, 195. 



, his discovery of the Tana, 195. 



, his re-idence among the JuUahirs, 195. 



Butter made frnm the reindeer milk, 36. 



But:erHies in Taimurland, 227. 



Byron, Commodore, his voyage through the Strait 

 of Magellan, 414. 



Cabot, John and Sebastian, their re-discovery of 

 parts of North America, 335. 



, their re-discovery of Newfoundland, 379. 



Canada, enterprise of tlie French settlers in, 3'^6. 



, results of the English conquest of, 306, 



, history of the fur-trad^; of, 307, 



Cano, S9l)asti in el, his voyage round the globe, 413. 



Canoes, liirch-baik, of North America, 3''4, 305. 



Cap?, N;irtli, description of the, 129, 1.30. 



Caribou, or reindeer of North America, range of 

 tlie, 30. 



Carrauclia, the, of Patagonia, 419, 420. 



Cai tier. Jacques, iiis voyages, 335. 



Caryophyll«, the, of the treeless zone, 21. 



Cascades of Ic land, 78. 



Castor and Pollux river, discovery of, 356. 



Cas;rt>n, Matthias Alexander, account of him and 

 of his journoys, 168-178. 



Catherine's Foreland, Queen. 409. 



Cattle, value of, to the Icelands, 80. 



Cavendish, hia vo3'ages, 414. 



Chanc llor, his discovery of the passage from Eng- 

 land to the White Sea, 192. 



Chancellor, his voyage to discover the north-eastern 



route to China, 336. 



, his visit to Moscow, and suljsequent fate, 336. 



Charles IX., Kiug of Sweden, liis kindness to the 



Lapps, 156. 

 Chatang.i river, scanty population of the, 220. 

 , Middendnrff's journey to tlie, 220. 221. 



Ciiatangsk, i\liddendorft"s journey to. 221. 

 Cheese made from reindeer u;ilk, 36. 

 Cheric Island, account of, 144. 

 Chess-players of the Tungusi, 246. 

 (!"hickweed, the. on the Maiy Miutnm river, 20. 

 Chimeni;o, the, of Patagonia, 419. 

 China, Castren's journey over the mountains into, 

 • 177. 



Chinese take the Russian fort of Albasin, 195 ; and 

 make the treaty of Nertschinsk with the Rus- 

 sians, 196. 

 , the treaty broken l)y the Russians, who com- 



pel the Chinese to give them the Amoor, 196. 

 Cbinga (Mephitis chuuin'), its fretid secretion, 316. 

 Chiistian IV., King of Denmark, his treatment of 



the Lapp jiriests and sorcereis, 156. 

 •, Iiis expedition to Greenland, 383. 



Christianity, introduciiou of, into Iceland, 92. 

 Churches of the Icelanders, 104. 

 Clavering, his voyage to Greenland, 386. 

 Ciert.'y of the Lapps, their poverty and self-denial, 

 157. 



, their sermons, 157. 



, those of Iceland all blacksmiths, 101, note, 106. 



, their pov( rty, 106. 



Coal, does not exist iu Iceland, 88. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



in Coal Bay, 145. 



Coal Bay, 145. ' 



Cociilearia fenestrata, the onlv esculent plant in 



Spitzbergen, 136, 142. 

 Cod and cod- fishing of the coast of Iceland, 86, 87. 



, the, called stockfish, 87. 



, the cod-fisher}' of Norway, 125-130. 



, wretched state of the fi-heinien, 127. 



, exports of, to various countries, 129. 



— , cod-fishery of Greenland. 388. 



— , value of the cod- fishery of Newfoundland 



379, 380. 



, mode of fishing and curing the cod, 380. 



, dangers of the fishery, 3«1. 



, immense numbers of, 381. 



Cod-liver oil of Tromsn, 128. 



Collinson, Captain, his search for Franklin, 359, 

 361. 



Commodore I.slauds, chase of the sea-bear on the, 

 274. 



Condor, the, of Patagonia, 420. 



Conifer.'E, Arctic forests almost confined to the, 24. 



, dirterence between the European and Asiatic 



and American speci'S, 24. 



Constitution, Cape, discovery of, 369. 



Cook, his attempt to discover the northwest pas- 

 sage, 344. 



Cook, Captain, his discovery of South Georgia, 898. 

 his Antarctic voyages, 401. 



Copper mines near Drontheim, 124. 



of Alien, 12S. 



of Raipass, 128. 



Coppermine river. Dr. Richardson's voyage to the, 



849. 

 Cornelius Ryp, his voyages of discoverA'. .^40, 341. 

 Cornelius Comeliszoon, his voyages of discovery, 



339. 



