INDEX. 



791 



Elk, its mode of defending itself, 40. 



Eiiara, Lake of, the Fisher Lapps of, 166. 



• , dsscriptioii of the, 1G9. 



Enderby Land, discovery of, 401. 



Ens^lish pirates, ravasjces of, in Iceland, 95. 



Erebus, mount, eruption of, 403. 



Eric the Red, his visit to Greenland, 382. 



Ermine {Musteln ermiiiea) beauty and importance 

 of the fur of the, 210. 



, thos?, of the Hudson's Ba^' Territory, 316. 



Esk, volcano, 1J6. 



Esquimaux (see aiso Innuits). their wide extension, 

 290. 



■ , their own name of Innuit, 290. 



, character of the regions they inhabit, 290. 



, their phvsical character, habits, and man- 

 ners, 290, 291. 



• womsn, 291. 



• , their dress and snow-huts, 291. 292. 



, their boat, the kayak or baidar, 293. 



-, thoir weapons, and lisliing and hunting im- 



plements 293, 294. 

 -, enmity between them and the Red Indians, 



294. 



-, their chase of the reindeer, and bird-catching, 



295. 



, their whale and seal hunts, 295. 296. 



, their " ke?p kuttuk," 296. 



, their bear and walrus hunts, 296, 298. 



, their dogs and dog-sle iges, 299. 



, their games and sports, 300. 



, constitution of their society, 300. 



, their angekoks, or priests, 300, 301. 



, their moral character, self-reliance, and in- 

 telligence, 301, 302. 

 -, th'ir maps, and predilection for commercial 



Fish river. Great, Back's discovery of, 355. 



Fisher Lapps, account of the, 166. 



Fiskernusset, cod-lishery of, 388. 



Fitzroy, Captain, his surveys of Patagonia and 



Tierra del Fuego, 415. 

 Fj:ll Lappars, or Mountain Lapps, account of the, 



159. 

 Flatey, cider-ducks of, 81, 82. 

 Flat-tish, abundance of, on the coasts of Iceland, 87. 

 Floki, the Viking, his visit to Iceland, 90. 

 Flora of Spitzbergen, 136. 

 Flowers of the Arctic regions, 20. 



of the island of St. Lawrence, 271. 



of Taimurland, 226. 



of L'nalaschka, 269. 



Fogs of the Arctic seas in summer, 54. 



near the island of St. Lawrence, 270. 



— ■ — off Newfoundland, 380. 



Food, amount of, required by man in the Arctic re- 

 gions, 28. 

 Forest regions, Arctic, 18. 



, extent of the, 22. 



, character of tlie trees of the, 24. 



, distinctive character of the forests, 25. 



, characters of the Arctic forests of the Miocene 



period, 28, 29. 



-, legions of gnats in the, 25. 



, changes being effected by the agencv of man, 



25. 

 Forests, the, head-quarters of many of the Arctic 



fauna, 41. 

 , more in than aboie the earth inNovaZembla, 



153. 

 • of Newfoundland, 376. 



pursuits, 302. 

 , their voracitv, and seasons of abundance and 



distress, 302. 303. 



, their depots of food, 302, 303. 



, their wars with the Kutchin Indians, 333. 



-^, th^ir attack of Franklin's boats, 349. 



, their hunting expeditions with Dr. Kane's 



party, 370. 

 -, their ravages on th-^ Greenland coast, 383. 



Europe, treeless zone of, 18-24. 



Evil Spirit of the woods of the Laplanders, 157. 



ExilfS, Siberian, 204, 205. 



, annual number of, 206. 



Eyjafialla, eruption of, in 1821, 96. 

 Eystein, King, his benevolence, 126. 



F. 



Fakroe Islands, chase of the black dolphin, or 



'' ca'ing" whale, in the, 61. 

 Falkland Islands, climate of, 394. 

 Famine, Port, rich vegetation of, 410, 414. 

 F^estuca of the Arctic regions, 20. 

 Finback whales of Spitzbergen, 137. 

 Finches in the Tundra in summer, 19. 

 Finmark, trade and fisheries of the coast of, 129. 

 F'innar Johnson, tiie Icelander, his " Ecclesiastical 



History of Iceland," 98. 

 Fir, different species of, in Europe, Asia, and Amer- 



i..-a, 24. 

 Fish, and fishing season of Iceland, 86. 



, al)undance of, in Kamchatka, 2o5. 



of "Nfewfoundland, 379. 



of Greenland, 387. 



Forget-me-not found in Nova Zembla, 153. 



Forster, Captain, his expedition to the Antarctic 

 sea, 393. 



Fossils, Arctic, in New Siberia, 203. 



Foulke, Port, Dr. Hayes's winter at, 372. 



Fox, the Arctic {Canls lagopus), its mode of protect- 

 ing itself from the most intense cold, 42. 



Fox, the Arctic, its food and enemies, 42. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



in Nova Zembla, 154. 



found in Taimurland, 227. 



of Newfoundland, 378. 



, black, of .Siberia, value of the fur of the, 211. 



, the Brazilian {Canis Azarx), of Patagonia, 



419. 



, red {Vitlpes fidvxis). the, 211, 317. 



, value of the fur of the, 317. 



F^ox Islands, discovery of the, 201. 



France, right of the peo|)le of, to fish on the banks 



of Newfoimdland, 379. 

 Franklin, Lieut, (afterwards Sir John), his first 



Arctic voyage, 344. 



, his first laud journey, 346. 



. his second land journey to the shores of th« 



Polar sea, 849. 

 — , loss of his first wife, 360. 

 — , his last voyage, 356. 

 — , searching expeditions sent for him, 356. 

 -, his fate and that of his companions, 3G2-36i. 



Franklin Island, discovery of, 403. 



Eraser river, voyage of Mackenzie down the, 308. 



Frederick II., King of Denmark, his expedition to 

 Greenland, 383. 



Frederick IV., his foundation of the Finmark mis- 

 sion, 156. 



Friedrich, the Saxon bishop, introduces Christiani- 

 ty into Iceland, 92. 



