INDEX. 



793 



Grinnell Land, vegetation of, 20. 



, Dr. Hayes's discoveries in, 372-374. 



Guanaco. tlie, of Patagonia. 419. 



Guano, circumstances wliicli favor the deposit of, 



418. 

 Guillemot, on the Pribilow Islands, 271. 

 Gulf Stream, influence of, on the south and west 



coasts of Iceland, 79 ; and on the climate of 



Norway, 121. 

 Gull, Ross's, distance north at which it has been 



seen, G7. 

 Gull, ivory, in Taimurland, 227, 

 Gustaviis f., Kini; of Sweden, his kind treatment 



of the Lajjps, 156. 

 Gustavus Adolphus, his foundation of a school for 



the Lapps, 156. 



H. 



Haddocks, abundance of, on the coast of IcelanJ, 

 87. 



Hakon, King of Norway, his annexation of Iceland, 

 95. 



Hall, Charles Francis, his first Arctic expedition, 433 

 et seq. His last expedition and death, 737 et seq. 



, James, his voyage to Greenland, 383. 



Hammei-fest, description of the town of, 129. 



, traffic of, 129, 



, the people of, 129. 



, carizoes of walruses and seals brought from 



Spitzbergen, 140. 



Hare, the fur of the, of Siberia, 212. 



, ice {f.fpna f/laciniis), 317. 



found in Taimurland, 227. 



Hare Indians, huntinir-grounds of the, 327. 



, their women,. 328. 



Harold Haafager, or the Fair-haired, his establish- 

 ment of an alisolute monarchy in Norway, CO. 



, exodus caused by his tyranny, 91. 



Harp-seal of the Polar seas, 62. 



Hathert(m, Cap?, di.<covery of, 365. 



Haven, Lieut, de, his search for Franklin, 357, 358. 



Hawks in the Tundra, in summer, 19. 



Hayes, Dr., his sledge journey over Kennedy Chan- 

 nel, 368. 



, his Arctic voyage in 1860. 372-374. 



, his opinion as to what may be done in the 



Arctic regions, 374. 



Hecla, eruptions of, since the colonization of Ice- 

 land, 95-97. 



" Hecla" and "Fury" Straits, discovery of, 348. 



Hcemskerk, his voyages of discovery, 340. 



Heineson, Mogens, the "sea-cock," his voyage to- 

 wards Greenland, 383. 



Hop'>nrn, John, the sailor, his overland journey, 

 3 J 6. 



Herald Island, discovery of, 360. 



Heimaey, or Home Island, description of, 116. 



Herring, the fishery of ihe coast of Norway, 125. 



, food for the rorqual, or fin-whales, 61. 



, abundance of the, on the coa--ts of Iceland, 



87, 



Hpsp^ris, the, on the Mary Minturn river, 20. 



Hihlringen, agricnlture of, 124. 



Hobson, Lieut,, Ids search for Franklin. 362, 364, 



Holme, the, of Norway, 124. 



Hood, Robert, his Arctic journey, 346. 



■ , murdered, 347. 



Horn, Cape, discovery of the passage round, 414. 



Horse, the, in Icflnnd. J'O. 



of the Jakuts, 230-232. 



Hrafnagja, 75. 



Hudson, Henry, visit of, to Spitzbergen, 1S8. 



. his the tirst attempt to sail across the North 



Pole, 342. 



, his subsequent voyages and discoveries, 342. 



-. his melancholv end, 343. 



Hudson's Bay, barren lands of, 22. 



, cbaracttrs of the Coniferie of, 24. 



— , walruses of tiie coasts of, 61. 



, discovery of, 312. 



Hud.son's Bay Company, account of the fur-trade 



of the, 304* 

 , the old coureur des bois and the modern vor- 



ageur of, 3v4, 305. 



, history of the, 307. 



, formation of a rival company, and subsequent 



amalgamation of the two, ;j07-310. 



, palmy days of tlie, 310. 



, its reconstruction in 186.3, 310. 



, its trading-posts, and their management, 310, 



311. 



— , its efforts to civilize the native tribes, 312. 

 — , the standard of exchange, the beaver-skin, 

 313. 



, extent of the fur-trade of, 813. 



, account of tlie fur-bearh)g animals of the 



Territory, 313, 314. 

 Hudson river, discovery of the, 342. 

 Hudson's Straits, Sebastian Cabot's discovery of, 



no- 

 OOO. 



Humboldt Glacier, the Great, 50. 



, Kane's description of the, 367. 



Humming-bird on the peninsula of Aliaska, 209. 



in Newfoundland, 378. 



of Patasronia, 420. 



Huts of the Esquimaux, 293. 

 — — of tlie Icelanders, 102. 



Hvalo, island of, 129, 

 Hvita river, in Iceland, 78. 



I. 



Ice, vast fields of, in fh-^ plateaus of Spitzbergen, 



Greenland, and Nova Z( mbla, '27, 



, floating masses of, in the Polar seas, 45. 



. enormous extent of the Polar glacier.^. 4'>, 50, 



, causes whicii prevent the accumulation of 



Polar ice. 55, 56. 



, a bad conductor of heat, 57. 



, ice-fields of Iceland. 69, 



-, glaciers, ice-clifl's, and avalanches of Spitz- 



bergen, 1.35, 136. 

 — , impediments offered by the hummocks to 



travellers on the Polar sea, 240. 



, icebergs of the .\ntavctic sea, 392. 



— , ice-caves of Greenland, 390. 



-, the great ice-barrier of th? Antarctic Ocean, 



403. 



, pack-ice of the Antarctic Ocean, 404, 405. 



Icebergs, 46, 



, forms and size of, 48. 



, origin of, 48. 



, localities in which most of the icebergs of the 



North .Atlantic are formed, -19. 

 -, Dr. Hayes's description of, in a midnight sun, 



50. 



-, how distinguished at night and in fogs, 52. 



-, dangers of collisions with, 52. 



-, protection to sliips afforded by, 63. 



-, dangers of anchoring to, 53. 



