794 



INDEX. 



Icebergs, " calviig" of, 54. 



, crumbling of, 54. 



Ice-bliiik, (k'sciiptioii of tlie plienomenon of, 54. 



, its ailviiiitagcs to the Arctic navigator, 54. 



Ice-fields, H!. 



, hummocks on, 46. 



, collision of, 48. 



, dangers caused by. to ships, 48. 



Ic^-grotto of Surts-hellir, 77. 



Iceland, volc:inic origin of, G8. 



, the coimtry in vinterand in summer, 68, 79. 



, sterile portions of the island, 69. 



, its imni.'Msc ice-lields, 69. 



, its lava-streams, 69, 77. 



, the burning mountains of Krisuvik, 69. 



, the mud-caldrons and hot springs, 70. 



, the Great Geysir, 71. 



, the S;rokkr, 72. 



, crystal pools, 73. 



, the Aluiaunagja, 73, 74. 



, tho Surts hellir, or caves of Surtur, 77. 



, rivers and cascades of, 78. 



, influence of the ocean currents on the cli- 

 mate, 78. 



• , mean annual temperature, 79. 



, absence of trees in, 79. 



, vegetation and condition of agriculture, 79. 



, indigenous land quadrupeds, 80. 



, cattle of the Icelanders, 83. 



, beverages, 80. 



• , mo le of shearing sheep, 80. 



, characteristics and number of horses, 80, 



, the reindeer, 80, 81. 



, the p lar bear, 81. 



. the eider-duck, 81, 88. 



, the giant auk, 85, 86. 



■ , Icelandic tisli and fishing season, 86, 87. 



■ , hospitality of the peopl?, 87. 



, minerals of the country, 88. 



• , fuel used by the Icelanders, 88. 



, history of, 89. 



• . Naddodr's discovery of the Ice Land, 89; 



which he nanif d Snowland, 9 K 



, circumnavigated by the pirate Gadar, and 



called liy him (jiardar's holm, 90. 

 -, visited by tlie viking Floki, and called by 



Iceland, a harvest home, 102. 



, winter life, 10-.>, l(l8, 109. 



, huts of the Icelanders, 1U2, 103. 



, churches, 104. 



, clergymen all blacksmiths, 101; note, 106; 



their povVrty, 100-108. 



, the Ic! land poet, John Thorlakson, 107. 



, education of the clergy and oliildren, 108, 109. 



, industry and thirst IVr knowledge of the peo- 

 ple, 109 ; their lan-nage, 109. 



, the library of Iteykjavik, 109. 



, the Icelandic Literary Society, 110. 



, Icelandic. newspapers, 110. 



, health of tlie prople, 110. 



, difficuliies and expense of travelling, 110-113. 



moSS, eaten and exported by the Icelandere, 



him Iceland, 90. 

 • , foundation of Reykjavik bv Ingolfr and Leif, 



90. 



, exodus from Norway to. 91. 



• , introduction of the Norwegian language and 



customs, 91. 



, code of laws of Uflfliot the Wise. 91. 



, the ancient Althing at Thingvalla, 91, 92. 



-, iniroduction of Christianity into the island, 



92. 



, the golden age of Icelandic literature, 94. 



• , history of, annexation of the island to Nor- 

 way, 95. 



, its subsequent misfortunes, 95. 



, volcanic eruptions, 95. 



■ , miserj' caused by the curse of rmnopoly, 97. 



— --, hope foi- the future of the is anil r.s, 1)7. 



-, account of the Icelanders of the present day, 



98. 



-, Skalkott, the foi mer capital of the island, 98. 



-, the present capital, Reykjavik, 100. 



-, state of trade in, 100. 



-, the merchant and the peasant, 1)1. 



-, temperate habits of the people, 101. 



-, condition of agriculture, 102. 



79. 



moss, food for the deer of Spitzbergen, 137. 

 , in the treeless zone, 21. 



Idols of the Sanio:edes, 180. 



Igloolik, island of, 348. 



Iligliuk, the Esquimaux, her intelligence and pas- 

 sion for music, 348. 



Indians, Red, their enmity with the Esquimaux, 294. 



, their decimation by smallpox and drunken- 

 ness, 308. 



, efforts of the Hudson's Bay Company to civ- 

 ilize them, .312, 31.3. 

 -, the beaver skin their standard of exchange 



with the Conipany, 313. 



Inglefield, Captain, his search for Franklin, 359. 



■ , his discnvcrirs. 365. 



Ingolfr, the Norwegian yarl, his visit to Iceland, 

 and foundation of Reykjavik, 90. 



Innuits, the. see also Esquimaux, 433, 467. 



, their character, 439, 461. 



— — , amusement of, 440. 



, their dwellings, 443, 457, 462. 



, distress in winter, 444. 



, seal, feasts of, 445. 



, mode of capturing seals, 446, 448, 452. 



, their dogs, 445, 450, 454. 



, their ojiinion of the bear, 451. 



, mode of hunting the walrus, 454, 



, their implements, 456. 



, mode ol'constructing an igloo, 457. 



, their use of the reindeer, 458, 



, their clothing, 460. 



, reindeer feasts, 459. 



, food and mode of eating, 460. 



, their religious ideas, 460. 



, treatment of the sick, 461. 



• , gradual extinction. 462. 



Insects of Taimurland, 227. 



Iri-h colonists on the Westman Island-", 115, 



Irkutsk, extreme cold of, 208. 



, Wrangell's visit to, 233. 



, summer flowers of, 233. 



Iron mines near Drontheim. 124. 



Isabella, Cape, discovery of, 365, 



Ishemsk, Castren's visit to, 174. 



■ . the Isprawnik of, and his wife. 174, 176. 



Islands within the Arctic Circle, barren grounds of 

 th-, 18. 



Isleif, the oldest chronicler of the North, 98. 



Issakow, of Kem, rounds the north-eascern extrem- 

 ity of Nova Zembla, 150. 



Italmenes, crueltj' of their conquerors, the Rus- 

 sians, 198. 



Ivan Wasiljewitpch I., first Czar of Russia, his de- 

 feat of the Tartars, 191. 



