798 



INDEX. 



North Pole, opinions of other scientific authorities 



as to the l)i'St way to reach, 374. 

 North-west passage '.o India, attempts to discover 

 the, 342, 3-13. 



• , .M'( 'lure's discovery of tlie, 3(10. 



Company of Canada, formation and trade of 



the, 307. 

 -, its wars witli the Hudson's Bay Company, 



and final amalicamatiun, 308-310, 

 Northumberlan 1 Sdund, tcni|)erature of, 28. 

 Nototlieiiia, tlie, of the Antarctic sca«, 400. 

 Norway, the lommiiii; of the Dovrcfjclil, in, 4'2. 

 , an aljsolute nionarcliy e^ablishcd by Harold 



Haarfager in, 90. 



, causes of the mild climate of the coast of, 121. 



, conditicm of the soil, and of the cultivators 



of it, 121-123. 

 — , constitution of, and education of the people, 



121. 



, population of, 121. 



— , coast s .ener}' of, 123. 



, D;onth(>im and its industry, 124. 



, liirds of the coast of, 124, 125. 



-, the heri'iiig and cod tisluvies of, 125-128. 



Nova Zi inbla, investigations of the shores of, 147. 



■ , circuinnavigatt d by Pachtussow, 147, 148. 



■ , meteorological observations of Ziwolka, 150. 



• , the clima:e of, 151. 



• , Von Bier's sfientific journey, 151. 



• , sci Mitilic results of his journey, 152, 153. 



• , veget.-'tion of, 153. 



■ , solitude and silence of, 154. 



• , rarity of inserts in, l'i4. 



, lemmings and Coxes of, 154. 



■ , birds of, 154. 



, other animals of, 154, 155. 



, wintering of the Dutch under Barentz at, 340. 



Novgorod, the Great, subdued by the Czar Ivan I., 



191. 

 Nowod>ikofF, Michael, his discoveries, 201. 

 Nudibranchiata, enormous numbers of, in the Polar 



seas, 59. 

 Nullipores on the coast of Greenland, 59. 

 Nun, or Jililieambaertje, the Supreme Being of the 



Samoledes, 179. 



O. 



Obdorsk, Castren's visit to, 174. 



, description of the town, 188. 



, the fair at, 189. 



01)i river, importance of, 17. 



, barren grounds near the, 22. 



, its importance to the Os:iaks, 185. 



, Ciistren's journey to the, 174. 



• , misery caused by the overflow of the, 175. 



, inhabitants of the banks of the, 175. 



Ochota river, tlie, 246. 



Ochotsk, sea of, reached by a party of Cossacks, 

 195. 



-^ , description of the town, 246. 



Olaf Truggeson, King of Norway, sendi a mission- 

 ary to Iceland, 93, 94. 



Olginsk, gold mine of, 218. 



Olonez, number of bears killed for their skins every 

 year in, 212. 



Ommancy, Captain, his search for Franklin, 357. 



, ills discovery of Franklin's first winter-quar- 

 ters, 357. 



Onkilon, or sedentnry Tchuktchi, 267. 



, their mode of life, 267. 



Oraefa Jiikul, height of, 69. 



, eruptions of, since the colonization of Iceland, 



95. 

 Orange Island, visited by Barentz, 339. 

 Ore. <S'te Grampus. 

 Osborne, Captain Sherard, his opinion as to the 



method of reacliing the North Pole, 374. 

 Ostiaks, their fishing-grounds on tlie Ol)i, 175. 



, their summer Inits and mode of life, 185, 186. 



, tluir poverty, 186. 



, tiieir winter huts, 186. 



, thiir attachment to their ancient customs, 



186, 187. 



, their clans, and princes, or chieftains, 187. 



, their excellence as archers, 187. 



, their personal appearance, and customs, 188. 



, annual tribute levied by Yermak, the robber, 



on them, 191. 

 , confirmed b}- the Czar in the possession of 



their lands, 199. 

 Ostrich, Darwin's, of Patagonia, 420. 

 Ostrownoje, town and fair of, i6:3-265. 

 Otter, the sea-, or kalan (^Enliydris lutrW), value of 



the fur of the, 211,212. 



, description of, 211. 



, chase of the, in Kamchatka, 258. 



hunting of the Aleuts, 273. 



Otter, the fish- (Lutra Canadensis), 317. 



, fur of tlie, 317. 



Owl, its favorite food, 43. 



, its winter in the highest latitudes, 43. 



Ox, the, in Iceland, 80. 



Oyster, most northerly limit where found, 126. 



Paciitussow, his cirrumnavigation of the southern 



island of Nova Zcmbla, 148. 



, his second voyage and death, 149, 150. 



Pack-ice, 46. 



, its tendency to separate in calm weather, 54. 



Padvofi; his discovery of the Fox Islands, 201. 



Parrots of Patagonia', 420. 



Parry, Lieut. W. E. (afterwards Admiral Sir), his 



Arctic voyages, 344. 



, his second voyage, 348. 



, his third voyage, 349. 



, al)andonment of the " Fury," 349. 



, his boat and sledge journey towards the Pole, 



350. 



, his subsequent career, 351. 



Parrj', Mount, discovery of, 369. 



, Dr. Hayes's journey to, 373, 374. 



, IMountains, discovery of tlie, 40:;. 



P.isina river, scanty population of the, 220. 

 Patagonia, Captain Fitzroy's survey of, 415, 



, the people of, 417, 420. 



, difference of climate between the east and 



west, 417. 



, aridity of the east of, 417, 418. 



, large rivers of, 418. 



, animals of, 418, 419. 



, introduciion of tiie horse, 424. 



, fashions of the Patagonians, 421. 



, their religious ideas, 421. 



, their superstitions and astronomical knowl- 



edge, 422. 



— , their division into tribes, 422. 

 — , their huts, 422. 

 — , their trading routes, 423. 



