INDEX. 



799 



Patagonians, their system of government, and great 

 cacique, 423. 



, their arms, amusements, and character, 424. 



Paul, St., climate of the island, 271. 



, chase of tlie sea-bear on the, 313. 



Paul the First, disco'-ery of the Island of, 274. 



Pekan, or woodshock {MarUs Canadensis), fur of 

 the, 316. 



Penas, gulf of, glacier at the, 394. 



Penguin, the, of the Antarctic seas, 395. 



, its food, 397. 



Penny, JMaster, his search for Franklin, 357, 358. 



Peruvian current, influence of the, 394. 



Petermann, Dr. Augustus, his view of the route to 

 the Pole, 374. 



Petrel, the giant {^Procellaria fjigantea), of the An- 

 tarctic seas, 394. 



Petropavlosk, its population, 257. 



, unsuccessful attack of the English and French 



on, 256. 



Petschora river, 149. 



Philip's hay, 409. 



Phipps, Captain (afterwards Lord Mulgrave), his 

 voyage to discover the north-west passage, 344. 



Pipit (^Aiithiis pi-afensis), the, of Iceland, 81. 



Plachina, Castren's residence and study at, 176. 



I'lover island, discovery of, 3G0. 



Plovers of Iceland, 81. 



Poland, the elk of, 39, 40. 



Pole, North, probable condition of the land (if any) 

 at tlie, 27. 



Popow, Fedor, his discovery of the gold fields of 

 Eastern Silieria, 214. 



Population of Norway, 122. 



Porato, cultivation of, in Norway, 124. 



Pribilow Islands, climate of, 271. 



, sea-lions and guillemots of, 271. 



, chase of the sea-bear, 274. 



Prontschischtschew, liis iVuitless endeavors to dou- 

 ble the capes of Taimurland, 200. 



, death of him and his wife, 20. 



Prussia, East, the elk of, 39, 40. 



Ptarmigan (Lar/npus albus), its residence in the high- 

 est latitudes in winter, 43. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



, its summer visits to Taimurland, 227. 



in the Tundra in summer, 19. 



Pteropods, food for the Greenland whale, 60. 



Puffins of Lovunnen island, 125. 



, mode of catching them, 125. 



Punta Arenas, colony of Germans at, 416. 



Pustosersk, visit of Castren to, 171, 173. 



Pvm, Lieut., his sledge journey of search for Frank- 

 "lin, 360. 



R. 



Racoon {Procf/on lotm-), 315, 378. 



value and trade in the skins of the. 



316. 



Rae, Dr., his search for Sir John Richardson, 357. 



, his discoveries in the Arctic seas, 357. 



, his discovery of the fate of Franklin and his 



crew, 362. 

 Raipass, copper mines at, 128. 

 Ranunculus, snow {Ranunculus nivalis), of Nova 



Zembla, 153. 

 Rat, musk-. See Musquash. 

 Ravens of Iceland, 84. 



, in Scandinavian mytholog}', 84, 85. 



, superstitions of the" Icelanders respecting the, 



85. 



Razor-bill, its nests on tlie most northern rocks, 67. 



Red-knife Indians, their hunting-grounds, 327. 



Red-pole, tlie, of Siiitzbergen, 137. 



Red river colony, destruction of the, 308. 



Red sharks of Iceland, 81. 



Reindeer, its summer and winter quarters in the 



Arctic regions, 19. 



• , food found by tlie, in Spitzberg'>n. 27. 



, itsimporlance to man in the northern regions, 



34. 



• , its formation and adaptation to the circuni- 



stances in which it is phiced, 34. 



, clattering sound of its feet, 34. 



, its antlers, 34. 



, its young, 35. 



, its milk, 36. 



, its I'ootl and olfactory powers, 36, 



, the caribou of North .America, 36. 



, its geographical range in the Old and New 



World. 36, 



, its love of a cold climate, 36. 



, its services to man, 37. 



, its enemies, and disorders to which it is lia- 

 ble, 37, 38. 



, a nuisance in Iceland, 81. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



, tlie. pens of the Lapps, 160. 



, milking the, 160, 



, the, sledges of the Lapp=, 101. 



, attempt made to acclimatize the, in Scotland, 



162. 



, ravages of wolves in herds of, 161. 



, rich Lapp owners of herds of, 104. 



, Lapp mode of killing the, 164. 



, its two annual migrations, 2o7. 



hunts of the .Tukahires of the Aniuj, 237, 238. 



races of th° Tchidvtchi, 266. 



hunting of the Esquimaux, 295. 



. the Kutchin Indian mode of pounding the, 



333. 



-, chase of the, in Greenland, ,o88. 



Rensselaer bav, temperature of, in mid- winter, 19, 

 20. 



Kane's winters at, 365, 369. 



Resanow, Jakin, his gold-fields, 214. 

 " Rescue," wred; of the, 440. 

 Reykjahlid, boiling mud-caldrons of, 70. 

 Reykjavik, mean annual temperature of, 78. 



, the present capital of Iceland, 91. 



account of, 99, 100. 



, the annual fair of, 100. 



, salary of the bishop of. 106. 



, schools and lil)rary of. 1(18, 109. 



, the Icelandic Literary Society, 110. 



Rhinoceros remains found on the coast of Nortli- 



ern Silieria, 203. 

 Richardson, Dr. (afterwards Sir John), his Arctic 



land vovaires, 346, ."MO. 



, dreadful sufferings of the party, 346. 347. 



his search for Sir John I rankriii. 856. 



Rivers discharging their waters into the Polar 



ocean, 17. 



of Iceland, 78. 



Rocky Mountains, the wild sheep of the, 41. 



Hoebiu-k, near Lake Huikal. 40. 



Eoiquals, or (in-whalcs, habitat and size of the, CO. 



, their food, 60, 



Rosmvsslow, liis investigations of the shore* of 



Nova Zembla, 1)7. 

 Ross, (apt. (afterwards Sir John), Arctic voyages 



of, 344. 



