IXDEX. 



sua 



Tiindri, storms of the Tundras, 172. 



Tuiig-ower, or hot spriiii; at Rcikholt, in Iceland, 



70. 

 Tinifrusi, the, their relationship to the Mantehou, 



•2U. 

 , their conquests and final subjugation by the 



Russians, 244. 



, tlieir intellectual development, 244, 



, their tribes and population, 244. 



, their wretchedness. 244. 



, their manners and cu.-itonis, 245. 



Tunguska river, gold-tields of the Upper, 214. 

 Turkey-buzzard, the, of Patagonia, 419. 

 Turucliansk. ('a.^trens visits to, 17(i, 177. 

 Tyudall glacier, enormous size of, 50. 



U. 



Vigr, eider-ducks of, 83. 



—^t ill"- Shepherds visit to, 83, 84. 



Vikings, tlieir courage and discoveries, 89. 



Virghis, Cajic, 409. 

 Vogelsang, deer of, 137. 



Vohanic eruptions in Iceland since its colonization. 

 95. 



Volcanoes giving Ijinh to Iceland. C8. 



, those now existing there. G9. 



, the Esk, on .Jan Eleven, 14G. 



, of Kamchatka, 25G. 



— , eruption of Mount Erebus, 403. 



Vole, field (Araco/a aecunomus), indigenous to Ice- 

 land, 80. 

 Voyageur, tlie, of North America, 304. 

 , his life and character, 304, 305. 



Uffliot the Wise, his first code of laws in Iceland, 

 91. 



Unalaschka, climate of, 269. 



• , vegetation of. 269, 270. 



, people of, 273. 



Union, Cape, Dr. Hayes's sledge voyage to, 373, 374. 



United States, right of, to fish on the banks of New- 

 foundland. 379. 



Ural Mountains, Castren's passage of the, 174. 



, first discovery of gold in the, 214. 



, quantity of gold found in the, 219. 



Ustsvlmsk, Castren's visit to, and ill-treatment at, 

 173, 174. 



Utzjoki, the pastor of, 160. 



Unsa river. Gastrin's journey up the, 174. 



V. 



Vaage, cod-fishery of, 126. 



, ancient importance of, 126. 



Vancouver's Island, placed under the management 



of the Hudson's Bay Comiiany, 310. 

 Vapor baths of the Cree Indians, 324. 

 Vare. the, of Norway, 124. 



Vegetation, protection afforded by snow to, 10. 

 ■ , distinctive characters of the Arctic forests, 



22-24. 



■ of the " barren grounds," 18, 21, 22. 



, length of time necpssary for the formation of 



even small stems of trees in the Arctic regions, 



25. 



, harmless character of the Arctic plants, 25. 



, no l;ind vet di.scovered in which it is entirely 



subdued by winter, 27. 



former, of the northern regions of the glob'', 



29. 



- of Spitzbergen, 136. 



- of Nova Zembla, 152. 



- of Taiinnrland, 226. 



- of Kamchatka, 254. 



- of the Hav of Awatscha, 256. 



- of the Pri'bilou- Islands, 271. 



- of Newfoundland, 37C. 



- of Greenland, 388. 



-, absence of, in the Antarctic regions, 391. 



- of Port Famine, 410. 



Verchnei Ostrog, in Kamchatka, built, 198. 

 Verazzani, his voyages, 335. 

 Vestfjord, cod-fisln ry of tlie, 126. 

 Victoria Land, discovery of, 402. 

 Videj', eider-ducks of, 81, 82. 



W. 



Walrcs, or morse (Trkhechus rosmwus), descrip. 



tion of the, 62-64. 



■ , its affectionate temper, 64. 



, its i)arental love, 01. 



, its chief resorts and food, 64. 



fishing at Spitzbergen, 144. 



hunted on Bear Island, 144. 



of Nova Zembla, 155. 



hunting on the coast of Aliaska, 275. 



, pieces of skin of, a medium of exciiange, 276. 



, Esquimaux mode of hunting it, 298. 



Washington Land, discovery of, 369. 



, Ur. Hayes's journey to, :j73. 



Wassiljew, his visit to the Lena, 195. 



Waygatz. island of, the sacred island of the Samo'- 



edes, 180. 

 Weasel, the Siberian (^Viven-a Sibcncn'), the fur of, 



211. 

 Weddell, Captain, his Antarctic voyages. 401. 

 Welden, Ids visit to Bear Ishnid. 144. 

 Wellington Channel, temperature of, 28. 



, discovery of, 345. 



Wenjamin, the Archimandrite, 170. 



Western, Thomas, preaches Christianity to the 



Lapps, 156. 

 Westman Islands, description of the, 114. 



, difficulty of access of tie, 114. 



, how they became colonized, 115. 



, Heimaey, or Home Island. 116. 



, food and trade of the pe(|)lc, 117. 



, population and mortality of tiic children, 118. 



, their sufferings from pirates. 118. 119. 



Wevmouth, his voyage to Hudson's Bay. 341. 

 Wliale, the Greenland (^Ualwiui mysttcetus), or 



smnoth-I)ack, 60. 



off Nova Zembla, 155. 



, the white, or beluga, 61. 



, the "ca'ing," 62. 



, a stranded, at S[)itzbergen, 133. 



, tlie fin-back, 59, 60. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



off Nova Zembla, 155. 



, smootli-backtd, of the Antarctic seas, 397. 



, sperm, of the .Antarctic Ocean, 398. 



Whalers, tlieir dangers, in th .Arctic .seu.s, 48. 



, depressing effect of the summer fogs, 54. 



, their opcrationr. in the Polar seas, 59. 



, wliale chases of the .Mciit.<!, 275. 



, whale-himts of the Ivqiiimaiix. 295. 



, abundance of wlialesin the .Antarctic .'«ens..'?97. 



, battle between a whale and a grampus, 398. 



