116 HUMAN HISTORY 



Neanderthal ; for it was in the Neanderthal near Diisseldorf that 

 the first specimen of this race was discovered in 1856.^ Since 

 that date several other examples of this type have been found. 

 Some of the specimens have been preserved almost complete, 

 and Professor Boule has been able to make a detailed study of 

 the skeleton from La Chapelle-aux-Saints.^ In the course of his 

 memoir he institutes a comparison between this and other 

 examples of Neanderthal man, and shows that they all agree in 

 the possession of certain features of importance. Neanderthal 

 man was small but massive ; the facial portion of the head was 

 much developed in comparison with the cranial ; the head was 

 low and narrow, the forehead receding, the occiput protruding, 

 the orbits large, and the brow ridges heavy. The lower jaw was 

 strong, the chin rudimentary, and the hinder molar teeth primitive. 

 The vertebral column indicates a less upright posture than that 

 of modern man. With regard to one feature — the cranial capacity 

 — there is great variability. The cranial capacity of the Gibraltar 

 skull is only 1,296 c.c, whilst that of the Chapelle-aux-Saints 

 specimen is 1,620 c.c. According to Boule, however, this variation 

 is no greater than that found among modern European skulls. 

 He makes out the average capacity of Neanderthal man as 

 1,400 c.c. ; this estimate is far lower than that usually given ; it 

 is often said that the average capacity approaches 1,600 c.c. 



The Neanderthal race forms a very distinct type. It is found 

 only in the Middle Palaeolithic period.^ Of its origin there will 

 be something to be said later ; it appears that it died out before 

 the Upper Palaeolithic age began, for, as we shall see, apparently 

 none of the types which occurs later descended from this race. 



7. The Upper Palaeohthic culture is associated with the end 

 of the fourth glacial epoch. In place of the remains of Neander- 

 thal man we find the remains of several types, none of which 

 shows any affinity to Neanderthal man. On the contrary they all 

 approximate more or less closely to modern man. At one bound 

 we seem, when looking at the fossil remains from this epoch in 



1 The Gibraltar skull may have been discovered before the specimen from 

 Neanderthal ; it aroused no interest, however, until after the discovery of the 

 latter. « Boule, Ann. de Pal., vol. vi, 1911, vol. vii, 1912, vol. viii, 1913. 



' In some cases the origin has not been clearly identified (e. g. the Gibraltar 

 skull). It is said that remains of Neanderthal man are sometimes found associated 

 with Acheulean instruments (in the case of the Krapina remains, for example). 

 See Boule, loc. cit., vol. vi, p. 120, and vol. vii, p. 227, and also Anthonj% Bull, 

 et Mem. Soc. d'Anth., 1913, p. 189. 



