HUMAN HISTORY 117 



Europe, to havo passed into the modem period so far as human 

 bodily form is concerned. As we shall see later, it is probable 

 that the various types entered Europe from the East, and probably 

 originated somewhere in Western Asia. The most important of 

 these types is known as Cro-Magnon man. It is found throughout 

 the Late Palaeolithic period. The first specimen was found at 

 Cro-Magnon in the valley of the Vezere. Other specimens have 

 been found in the Grotte de Grimaldi and assigned to the beginning 

 of the Aurignacian, the first subdivision of the Upper PalaeoHthic, 

 and others again at Obercassel, and assigned to the Magdalenian, 

 or last subdivision of the Upper Palaeolithic. In modern France 

 in the region of Perigueux there is existing at the present day 

 a type which in so many features resembles Cro-Magnon man 

 that it may be a survival from Upper Palaeolithic times. 



The general features of the chief types of the Upper Palaeolithic 

 may be very briefly indicated. The skull of Cro-Magnon man was 

 narrow, the face low and broad ; the brow ridges project shghtly ; 

 the orbits are low and rectangular ; the nose is long and narrow 

 and the root broad. Cro-Magnon man was tall, approaching an 

 average of 6 ft. in height ; the cranial capacity was large, being 

 somewhere about 1,600 c.c.^ 



In the Grotte de Grimaldi were also found two skeletons of 

 what has been called the Grimaldi race. No other skeletons of 

 this type have been found in Europe. There are two points to 

 notice about this type ; first it is not relatively speaking a low 

 type; the cranial capacity was, for instance, 1,580 c.c; secondly, 

 it shows undoubted resemblance to the Negroid type. The skull 

 is narrow, the face large and low, and prognathism is marked. 

 The orbits are large and of low vertical height, the nose broad 

 and flat. 



The third type is that found at Briinn and again at Brux in 

 connexion with Solutrian culture (middle of Upper Palaeolithic). 

 The skull is very long and generally of a lower type than the 

 Cro-Magnon skull. In certain respects there is a slight resem- 



i The remains found at the station of Raymonden, Chancelade, and described 

 by Testut (Bull. Soc. d'Anth. de Lyon, vol. viii, 1889), are now generally classed 

 with Cro-Magnon man. As Testut says, Chancelade man possesses ' tous les 

 caraeteres propres aux races superieures '. The cranial cajmcity was 1,710 c.c. 

 But there are certain features in which it departs from the ordinary Cro-Magnon 

 type and certain features in which it resembles the modem Eskimo type — 

 particularly in the shape of the cranium, the sides of which tend to slope uj) and 

 meet at an angle. The possible significance of this will be referred to later. 



