APPLICATION OF THE SYSTEM. 29 



too long, should then be shortened, especially those 

 inclined to assume a vertical position or to grow with 

 too great vigor at the expense of the leader ; such 

 branches are called gourmands. It will be seen that 

 the right point at which to shorten these vertical 

 branches is the point where they begin to assume 

 an upright growth (A and B, Fig. 24). 



Fig. 24. Double shortening of a main branch. A. Gourmand 

 branch. B. Secondary branch. C. Small branch retained to insure a 

 proper flow of sap. 



In shortening branches, the cut should, if possible, 

 be made above the point of development of one or 

 several secondary ascending branches ; these in turn 

 should also be cut just above one of their secondary 

 branches. In this way the direction of the main 

 branch may be entirely changed(Fig. 24), and its dis- 

 proportionate vigor checked to the benefit of the 

 leader and the whole tree. 



Sap Lifters. The name of sap lifter l may, for want 

 of a better term, be given to the branch or branches 

 retained at the end of the shortened main branch. 

 1 Branche d'appel. 



