ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PAGl 



Fio. 1. Badly pruned Beech 7 



" 2. Young unpruned Oak 8 



" 3. Trunk of an Oak ruined by the decay of its lower 



branches 9 



" 4. Decay caused by the breaking of a large branch ... 10 



" 6. Formation of wood by the descending sap 11 



" 6. Effect of bad pruning 12 



" 7. Section of a trunk showing the effects of good and bad 



pruning 13 



" 8. Portion of a branch left in pruning 13 



" 9. Portion of a branch left in pruning at the end of the fifth 



year 14 



" 10. Portion of a branch left in pruning at the end of the tenth 



year 15 



"11. Trunk ruined by the decay of the stump of a branch . . 15 



" 12. Form for young tree 20 



" 13. Form for middle-aged tree 20 



" 14. Form for old tree 21 



" 15. Form for very old tree 21 



" 16. Pruning knife 22 



" 17. Hook used in carrying pruning knife . 22 



" 18. Manner of carrying pruning knife 23 



" 19. Manner of carrying pruning knife 23 



" 20. Manner of attaching the ladder to the tree 24 



" 21. Manner of using dendroscope 26 



" 22. Formation of a leader 27 



" 23. Formation of a head with several branches 28 



" 24. Method of shortening a main branch 29 



" 25. Treatment for a forking branch 30 



