80 LONG AND DWARF-SHOOTS [CH. X 



It may be noted that the lines a, h, c, &c., point to the 

 groups of scars loft by the fallen bud-scales of each year : 

 the small rounder scars on the intervals representing the 

 annual crrowth, being those of the fallen leaves. The curved 

 black line below the line a represents the scar left on the 

 fall of the leaf of 11 years ago, which leaf bore in its axil 

 the bud that has since developed into the dwarf-shoot am. 

 It will be evident from these studies that the varying 

 development of long shoots and dwarf-shoots lays the 

 foundation for much variety in the formation of the 

 branch-system which results as they pass into advanced 

 age, a subject we shall deal with more in detail in con- 

 nection with the branching of the tree. 



Different trees and shrubs differ much in respect of 

 the contrast between dwarf-shoots and long shoots. 

 Distinct dwarf-shoots are found on the following : 

 Beech 

 Ling 

 Pine 

 Apple 

 Almond 

 Rhamnus 



In the following the distinctions between dwarf-shoots 

 and long shoots are gradual : 



Elms Poplars Lime 



Birch Hazel. 



In the following the dwarf-shoots, apart from the 

 flowering shoots, are practically indistinguishable from 

 the long shoots : 



Willows Sarothamnus. 



But, as we shall see later, the dwarf-shoots of some 

 trees and shrubs are eveutuallj' rendered even more dis- 

 tinct than usual by being the bearers of flowers and fruit, 

 or by their ends being transformed into thorns, as occurs 

 in many of our fruit trees. 



