SOCIETY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN. 199 



of living man, having an estimated capacity of only 855 c.c., which is 

 245 c.c. less than the average capacity of the skulls of the Akka tribes 

 or Equatorial dwarfs of Africa, it is 250 c.c. (over 30 per cent.) greater 

 than the corresponding figure for the largest skull of the Simiidie 

 (W. L. H. Duckworth, Anthropology and Morphology, p. 514). 



I shall next consider a group of skulls which have been classed 

 together as forming a type, distinguished by the name " Homo prirni- 

 genius," from the higher and living types, which are designated 

 " Homo sapiens". 



The distinctive characters of " Homo primigenius " are well shown 

 in the Neanderthal skull discovered in Germany, the cranium found 

 at Spy, in Belgium, and the skull found at Krapina, in Croatia. These 

 agree with one another in possessing massive brow ridges, and the 

 above-mentioned " post-orbital constriction," both of which characters 

 are seen in a marked degree in pithecanthropus erectus. The longitu- 

 dinal arc in the Neanderthal and Spy crania is remarkably flattened, so 

 that the vertical height of these skulls must have been low, and in the 

 Krapina skull there is a median frontal keel, which is also present in 

 pithecanthropus erectus. These skulls, however, differ markedly from 

 that of the earlier type, "pithecanthropus erectus," in their much 

 greater size. The longitudinal and transverse diameters of the 

 Neanderthal skull being 199 mm. and 147 mm. respectively, whereas 

 the corresponding diameters of " pithecanthropus erectus " are, length, 

 185 mm., breadth, 130 mm. 



The capacity, however, of the skulls of homo primigenius cannot 

 have been large in comparison with that of modern Europeans, as the 

 length of these two diameters might lead one to expect, for the 

 vertical height of these skulls, as compared with modern Europeans, 

 must have been low, on account of the very low curvature of the 

 sagittal arc. 



The variations in the skulls of living races I shall have to pass 

 over, with only a very brief and general notice, as the time at my dis- 

 posal is too short to attempt a description even of the principal 

 classes. I may mention, however, that specialisation of certain 



