SOCIETY OP THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN. 227 



In making my observations two other considerations were taken 

 into account. Dr. Beddoe, as I have already mentioned, used the 

 degree of pigmentation as a means of distinguishing racial affinities ; 

 I wished to see if there were a correlationship between the type or 

 form of ear and the colour of hair. I classified the observed indivi- 

 duals into three groups : the fair-haired, the black-haired, and the in- 

 termediates. In the black-haired group I placed those with dark or 

 distinctly red hair, and in the fair-haired those in which the red was 

 a fawn or sandy hue. Besides noting colour of hair, I also took into 

 consideration the question of age, and excluded those whom I con- 

 sidered under twenty, and those who appeared to me over sixty, for 

 Schwalbe had clearly demonstrated that the ear enlarges rapidly after 

 sixty, and before twenty it has not attained its adult form and size, 

 nor is the colour of hair finally determined. 



The method I adopted in making observations was the following. 

 They were made in the street or market place, and I found that, with 

 practice, I could note five points or features on those whom I 

 casually passed. For instance, I noted colour of hair, sex, type of 

 ear, degree of infolding, condition of the auricular tip. In the palm 

 of my hand I carried slips of stiffish paper, of convenient size and 

 ruled into six vertical columns three for fair, intermediate and black 

 males, and three for the corresponding grades of females. Suppose, 

 for example, that the individual just passed is a man, with fair hair, 

 orang type of ear, infolding of the helix to the extent I have classed 

 as Stage 1, the auricular tip represented by a slight elevation (Stage 

 3), then the record made (in the column for fair-haired men) was 

 "Or., 1,3". 



The number of individuals 1 wished to include in each group was 

 250 of each sex, but in reality the number was twice that, because 

 after observing the points just mentioned in 250 of each sex, I had to 

 begin an equally extensive series for observations on the lobule, tragus, 

 antitragus and the anthelix. Thus at each place of observation I in- 

 tended that my observations should extend over a series of a thousand 

 individuals. Observations on the insane and criminals were made 



