SOCIETY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN. 27 



note was produced by directing the breath into a small opening in 

 the way that a note may be produced with a key. The tympana of 

 their drums consist of kangaroo skin and the drums themselves were 

 larger than those I had elsewhere seen west of the Fly River. It 

 should, however, be noted that far larger mammal skin covered 

 drums are said to be used some distance up the Bamu River. 



The Toro are a totemistic folk with descent of the totems in the 

 male line. Perhaps the majority of the totems are birds. A number 

 of palm-wood bullroarers were collected, but we could learn nothing 

 about their use. Since, however, the Morehead River natives, whom 

 the Toro closely resemble, use the bullroarer in their initiation 

 ceremonies, it is probable that the Toro do the same. 



Figures 1 and '2, Plate III., show full face and profile views of a 

 Toro man, 1,748 mm. (about H8 inches) tall, with a cephalic index of 72, 

 and facial and nasal indices of 91 and 81 respectively. Many of the 

 Toro wear beards, and in all the hair was frizzly. The same applies 

 to the natives seen at Bugi, so that the physical evidence at present 

 available fails to connect the natives of the western extremity of 

 British New Guinea with those of Queensland, or indeed any part of 

 Australia. 



Throughout the whole of the south-eastern extremity geographical 

 conditions differ entirely from those found at the western extremity 

 of the Possession. The south-eastern district corresponds very 

 closely to the eastern and south-eastern division of British New 

 Guinea, being bounded on the west by a line which roughly follows 

 the 150th parallel of longitude and extending eastwards to include 

 the numerous islands and archipelagos which extend in that direction 

 for more than four degrees of longitude. As a whole this district is 

 hilly and often mountainous, and throughout its extent there are to 

 be found numerous raised beaches and even islands which are rather 

 recently raised atolls. Such are Gawa and Kwaiawata in the Marshall 

 Bennet group, perfect atolls elevated to a height of about 400 feet, 

 and presenting to the sea a steep terraced cliff covered with forest 

 which represents the seaward face of the old atoll. The inhabitants of 



