SOCIETY OF THE UNIVERSITY OP ABERDEEN. 75 



material. The stone work is the rock of the mountain in which this 

 temple is hewn out. It dates from about the second century, A.D. 

 The worship in such a temple included the circumambulation of the 

 stupa ; the Path of circumambulation was called the Pradakshina, as 

 in this ceremony the stupa was kept on the right hand of the wor- 

 shipper, who passed round it by means of the aisles behind the pillars. 

 Stupas had originally, and still have, generally, one " umbrella " 

 over the top, the symbol of honour, as rendered to the Prince. In 

 some instances, however, the number of umbrellas over the stupa is 

 increased to three, and to five ; and, when these are represented in 

 stone, they are, as the material would tend to bring about, combined 

 together. They are often further increased in number, until we 

 have a stupa of many tiers. Constructed in wood again, as it was 

 when it travelled to China, Japan and elsewhere, the stupa has taken 

 the form of what we know as the " Chinese Pagoda "- 1 



1 The exigencies of reproduction have necessitated the limitation of the number of 

 illustrations to eight out of the forty-five shown at the meeting. Among the books 

 which may be consulted by those interested in the subjects treated of may be named : 

 Fergusson's Tree and Serpent Worship, Cunningham's Mahdbodhi, Griinwedel's (enlarged 

 by Burgess) Buddhist Art in India, Goblet d'Alviella's La Migration des Symboles and 

 Ce qice I'Inde doit a la Grece, W. Simpson's Buddhist Praying Wlieel and Ehys 

 Davids' Buddhist India. 



